北京东南郊土壤剖面氟喹诺酮类抗生素分布特征

采用Geoprobe在北京东南郊地区实施了土壤剖面钻探,针对8种不同类型土地利用状况的土壤剖面进行土壤采集工作,11个采样点共采集86个土壤样品,分析了土壤样品的理化参数,并且采用高效液相色谱法对土壤样品中5种氟喹诺酮类抗生素(FQs)进行了定量分析.结果表明,北京地区土壤样品中5种氟喹诺酮类抗生素总含量的平均值为46.1μg·kg-1,组成以氧氟沙星(OFL)为主,其次为诺氟沙星(NOR),而恩诺沙星(ENR)、环丙沙星(CIP)和洛美沙星(LOM)的含量很低;不同土壤剖面中氟喹诺酮类抗生素的含量和组成差异明显.5种氟喹诺酮类抗生素总含量的平均值随土壤深度的增加呈现降低的趋势.OFL、NOR、LOM和ENR的平均含量随着深度增加而降低;CIP的平均含量随深度增加先降低后升高.对42个位于浅层(0~3 m)的土壤样品进行模糊聚类分析,结果表明,蔬菜大棚、树林、再生水灌区、地下水灌区(清灌区)、养殖场、排污河沉积物的浅层土壤样品中的喹诺酮类抗生素具有相似的组成特征,即抗生素污染水平较低、种类较少;而制药企业及垃圾填埋场的组成特征与前者明显不同,即抗生素污染水平中等、种类较多.     

Ethical obligations of veterinarians and animal scientists in animal agriculture

It is patent that society is evolving an ethic for the treatment of animals which goes well beyond the standard prohibitions against cruelty. This new ethic for animals takes the consensus ethic for the treatment of humans in society and extends it,mutatis mutandis, to the treatment of animals. Though this ethic has been applied first to research animals, its extension to agricultural animals is inevitable, and has already begun. This article explores the extent to which veterinary medicine and animal science, the major scientific fields relevant to animal agriculture, can accommodate the emerging ethic.     

北京市城市河流中抗生素的污染特征及多层次生态风险评估

为评估北京市河流中抗生素的污染特征和生态风险,利用固相萃取结合高效液相色谱串联质谱检测了4类共35种常见抗生素的浓度水平,并利用风险商法（RQ）和联合概率曲线法（JPCs）评估了抗生素的生态风险.结果表明,北京市10条河流地表水中共检测出33种抗生素,总浓度范围是N.D.~1573.57 ng·L^-1,磺胺甲噁唑的浓度最高（N.D.~160.04 ng·L^-1）,其次为磺胺嘧啶（0.09~147.90 ng·L^-1）和氧氟沙星（0.28~94.72 ng·L^-1）,其中检出率 > 50.0 %的抗生素有16种;RQ法显示有12种抗生素存在生态风险,四环素、克拉霉素和甲氧苄氨嘧啶的风险最高,其风险商分别为3.99、1.86和1.01,污水处理厂出口的风险高于其所在河流干流的风险.四环素、克拉霉素和甲氧苄氨嘧啶的预测无效应浓度超标率均为2.3 %,基于JPCs发现,克拉霉素的最大风险乘积为1.66 %,对0.3 %~7.0 %的物种具有低等风险,其余抗生素的风险可忽略.抗生素的检出率、浓度分布、最敏感物种和物种敏感性分布对生态风险评估具有重要影响,采用多层次生态风险评估法能有效避免保护不足和过保护现象,有助于在全区域范围内对抗生素进行分级和分区管理.     

Photodegradation of the antibiotic spiramycin studied by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

The degradation of spiramycin induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was studied at pH 3–4, 6–7 and 8–9 using high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the influence of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen on the photodegradation was investigated. Three degradation products were observed in the presence of oxygen and four in the absence of oxygen. The degradation kinetics were monitored as mass area-time curves, analyzed and described using subsequent follow-up reaction first-order models. The m/z values of the degradation products were determined to be 160, 322 and 366, the latter representing two separate products, the sugar moieties of spiramycin. Remainders of the macrocycle or the intact lactone ring of spiramycin were not observed, since the conjugated π-electron system was assumed photoexcited and thus undergoing photodegradation and fast destruction of the ring. The kinetic of the degradation of spiramycin itself was described using a first-order model. The degradation was accelerated upon addition of hydrogen peroxide. In contrast, systematic acceleration depending on pH could not be found. The absence of oxygen did not lead to any significant acceleration. The findings are interpreted in terms of the effectiveness of advanced oxidation processes and their potential use as a fourth purification step in wastewater treatment plants.     

兽药类环境内分泌干扰效应及评价研究进展

兽药在保障动物健康、提高畜禽产品质量尤其在畜牧业集约化发展等方面起着至关重要的作用,然而兽药和饲料添加剂的大量使用成为生态环境污染和人体健康损害的一个重要因素。研究表明许多抗生素类和激素类兽药是典型的环境内分泌干扰物,通过多种方式干扰生物体雄激素、雌激素、甲状腺激素等内分泌过程,产生内分泌干扰效应。本文介绍了典型兽药的污染现状及其内分泌干扰效应研究最新进展;以环境内分泌干扰物的最新研究方法为基础,较全面地评述了可用于兽药类内分泌干扰物的快速筛选、检测及评价方法,并对该领域未来研究提出了展望和建议,以期为环境和农业等管理部门制定兽药的使用、排放、管理政策提供科学依据。     

基于分散固相萃取-超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测定沉积物中大环内酯类抗生素

采用分散固相萃取与超高效液相色谱串联质谱技术,建立了快速测定沉积物中9种大环内酯类抗生素(螺旋霉素、阿奇霉素、替米考星、竹桃霉素、红霉素、泰乐菌素、吉他霉素、罗红霉素和交沙霉素)的检测方法.沉积物经磷酸盐缓冲液和乙腈混合液浸提,再经过石墨化炭黑和C18硅胶分散固相萃取材料净化.采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱仪(UPLC-M...     

Evaluation of the Fertilization Capability of Paracentrotus Lividus Sea Urchin Storaged Gametes by the Exposure to Different Aqueous Matrices

Several experiments were performed to evaluate the fertilization capability of Paracentrotus lividus sea urchin gametes, which are usually used in fertilization tests, but which, until now, were employed only for few hours after spawning.The aim of this work is to evaluate the possibility of performing the bioassay for longer periods, employing ‘conserved' gametes. As far as the method, the sperm was stored ‘dry' at 4 ^∘C; eggs were conserved in an antibiotic solution at 4 ^∘C, and they were exposed both to copper solutions as reference toxicant and to aqueous matrices.The use of conserved gametes in the fertilization bioassay lead to EC50 values which were acceptable for about 3 days. Moreover, these experiments permitted to identify the limiting factor: the male gamete.     

Sorption mechanisms of cephapirin, a veterinary antibiotic, onto quartz and feldspar minerals as detected by Raman spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate sorption mechanisms of cephapirin (CHP), a veterinary antibiotic, onto quartz (SiO₂) and feldspar (KAlSi₃O₈) at different pH. Sorption occurs by electrostatic attraction, monodentate and bidentate complexation. The zwitterion (CHP^o) adsorbs to a quartz⁽⁺⁾ surface by electrostatic attraction of the carboxylate anion group (-COO⁻) at low pH, but adsorbs to a quartz⁽⁻⁾ surface through electrostatic attraction of the pyridinium cation, and possibly COO⁻ bridge complexes, at higher pH. CHP⁻ bonds to quartz⁽⁻⁾ surfaces by bidentate complexation between one oxygen of -COO⁻ and oxygen from carbonyl of an acetoxymethyl group. On a feldspar^(+/−) surface, CHP^o forms monodentate complexes between CO, and possible -COO⁻ bridges and/or electrostatic attachments to localized edge (hydr)oxy-Al surfaces. CHP⁻ adsorbs to feldspar⁽⁻⁾ through monodentate CO complexation. Similar mechanisms may operate for other cephalosporins. Results demonstrate, for the first time, that Raman techniques can be effective for evaluating sorption mechanisms of antibiotics.     

超高效液相色谱串联质谱法同时测定叶菜中13种抗生素

建立了超高效液相色谱串联三重四极杆质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测叶菜类蔬菜中磺胺类、喹诺酮类、大环内酯类13种抗生素的分析方法.优化蔬菜基质中抗生素的提取液种类、净化方式、洗脱液种类,以及探讨环境变化和实验条件对实验结果的影响后,确定最优方案为称取500 mg的蔬菜样品,加入20 mL甲醇-Mcllvaine-Na_2EDTA溶液,超声和离心提取3次后,旋转蒸发至20 mL过HLB固相萃取柱.以6 m L甲醇洗脱,收集洗脱液,氮吹近干,用乙腈∶水(体积比2∶8)混合溶液复溶,离心、过滤后采用UPLC-MS/MS进行检测.流动相A相为1‰的甲酸水溶液,B相为乙腈,梯度洗脱.结果显示,小白菜在300ng·g~(-1)加标时,13种抗生素的加标回收率为38. 05%～96. 97%,150 ng·g~(-1)时,加标回收率为34. 52%～111. 10%,50 ng·g~(-1)时,加标回收率为41. 75%～107. 13%,相对偏差RSD值均小于8. 68%.检出限为0. 4～1 ng·g~(-1)、定量限为1. 5～3 ng·g~(-1),在不同种类的叶菜上也表现出较好的提取和回收效率,具有较好的分析应用效果.实际的样品检测发现,4种叶菜不同程度地检测出了抗生素的残留.总的含量范围(以干重计)为1. 59～32. 01 ng·g~(-1).小白菜所含抗生素含量最高,其次为白菜、生菜和芫荽.磺胺二甲基嘧啶为叶菜中含量最高的抗生素种类.各抗生素检测出的含量虽很低,但仍不能忽略长期食用带来的潜在健康风险.     

天津供水系统中抗生素分布变化特征与健康风险评价

通过采用固相萃取富集法和液相色谱质谱联用技术对天津市供水系统中净水厂和管网中的6类10种抗生素浓度水平进行了分析,研究了抗生素在各处理工艺单元后的变化特征,以及在管网中的分布迁移规律,并进行了健康风险评价.对不同处理工艺的A、B两水厂中抗生素的检测结果显示:采用传统处理工艺的A水厂出水中抗生素的质量浓度范围为0.96~126.43 ng·L~(-1),总去除率为-46.47%~45.10%,混凝工艺对抗生素物质的去除起主要作用;具有深度处理工艺的B水厂出水中抗生素的浓度为ND~72.27 ng·L~(-1),其中罗红霉素未检出,抗生素的去除效率为40.25%~70.33%,明显优于A水厂,紫外+氯消毒工艺对抗生素的去除最为明显.给水管网中抗生素浓度分析结果表明:10种抗生素中除罗红霉素检出率为75.0%外,其余均为100.0%.抗生素浓度范围为ND~348.99 ng·L~(-1),浓度随管段的延伸而逐渐降低,其衰减符合一级反应动力学模型.基于蒙特卡洛法对饮用水中抗生素的致癌风险和非致癌风险进行了评估,结果表明均处于可接受风险水平.