Repeat maternal serum testing for down's syndrome screening using multiple markers with special reference to free α and free β-hCG

To determine the effect of routine repeat testing in serum screening for Down's syndrome, we compared estimates of the detection and false-positive rates. Five serum markers were measured-alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), unconjugated oestriol (uE₃), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and its two subunits, free α and free β-hCG. First and repeat test marker levels were available from 142 women whose samples had been routinely collected and stored in an antenatal serum bank. Different repeat testing policies were compared for various combinations of the markers. If all women had repeat tests using the four markers AFP, uE₃, and free α and free β-hCG, the detection rate for a 5 per cent false-positive rate was 69 per cent compared with 65 per cent if no women were repeated. Policies of repeating selected women gave similar results. The small gain in screening performance with repeat testing performed routinely is not worthwhile. If a woman does happen to have a repeat test, her risk estimate should, however, be based on both results, not just the second.     

基于力-热双应力加速试验的橡胶减振结构寿命预测研究

目的 针对橡胶减振结构寿命试验时间较长,寿命预测困难的问题,建立了力-热双应力情况下的橡胶减振结构加速试验方法,并给出寿命预测模型.方法 首先,分析影响橡胶减振结构寿命的主要因素,建立典型橡胶减振结构的双应力加速试验方法,并开展加速退化试验.基于加速退化试验获得的试验数据,采用广义艾林模型作为双应力加速模型,Weibull分布作为寿命模型,建立了减振结构的双应力加速退化试验数据的分析方法.结果 预测了使用温度为25℃,压缩率为5％情况下,在给定可靠度0.9987时,减振结构贮存寿命约为9 a.结论 所建立的方法能够较好地预测减振结构的使用寿命.     

多环芳烃对海洋贝类多生物水平毒性效应的研究进展

多环芳烃类化合物(PAHs)是海洋中常见的一类持久性有机污染物,对海洋生态安全及海洋生物健康造成严重威胁。海洋贝类作为海洋生态毒理学研究的模式生物,其滤食性、固着性等生理特点使其对PAHs具有较高的生物蓄积能力,可以在不同生物水平产生一系列的毒性效应。本文综述目前PAHs在海洋贝类多种生物水平所造成的生物毒性效应及其检测方法的研究进展,重点从个体生理特征、组织结构、细胞毒性和基因毒性4个层次展开讨论,为更有效地利用海洋贝类这一模型生物,深入开展PAHs对海洋生物的致毒效应与机制研究提供思路与检测方法参考。     

Effects of skin and hydraulic fractures on SVE wells

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) systems are intended to cause substantial volumes of air to flow through the subsurface with the purpose of removing volatile contaminants. The effectiveness of SVE can be influenced by any effect that changes the specific gas capacity (discharge as a function of vacuum) of a well. Skins of low permeability material enveloping a well bore are widely recognized to affect the performance of wells used to recover water, natural gas, or petroleum, and skin can also significantly diminish the performance of an SVE well. Skins a few mm thick consisting of material whose gas phase permeability is 0.01 of the formation can reduce the specific gas capacity of an SVE well by factors of 2 to 10 or more. Hydraulic fractures created in the vicinities of shallow wells commonly resemble sand-filled layers shaped like flat-lying disks or gently dipping saucers. The contrast between the gas-phase permeability of the sand in the fracture and that of the formation is particularly important, with significant effects requiring the ratio to be greater than approximately 50. Shallow hydraulic fractures filled with several tenths of m3 of sand in formations that are several orders of magnitude less permeable than that of the enveloping formation should increase specific gas capacity by factors of 10 or more. Field tests of the effects of hydraulic fractures on the performance of SVE were conducted by creating four wells intersecting fractures and a suite of control wells created using conventional methods in silty saprolite. Specific gas capacities ranged over more than an order of magnitude for 10 wells completed within a small area (2 m2) and at the same depth. Specific capacities correlate to the drilling method that was used to create the bore for the well: lowest values occurred in wells drilled with a machine auger, slightly better results were obtained using a Shelby tube, and the best results were obtained from conventional wells bored with a hand auger. Skin factors determined for wells created with a machine auger could be explained by a layer 1 cm thick that has 0.007 times the permeability of the enveloping material, which could readily have been created during the drilling procedure. Specific capacities of wells intersecting hydraulic fractures were 5 to 100 times more than those of conventional wells. The large difference in performance appears to be due in part to the beneficial effects of the fracture, and in part to the detrimental effects of well skin.     

Time course of isocyanate emission from curing polyurethane adhesives

The time course of isocyanate emission from curing polyurethane (PUR) resins and adhesives was studied in two different emission test chambers. The measured emissions were strongly dependent on the type of experiment. The adhesives under investigation contained different types of diisocyanates and are used for different applications, e.g. for fixing of textile floor coverings. The influence of the curing mechanism on emission was studied by comparing the emission curves of one-component adhesives (OCA) and two-component adhesives (TCA). For TCA, the decrease in isocyanate emission was found to follow a two-step process during curing. In the first step, the emission is dominated by surface evaporation, and the decay of emission is mainly caused by the decrease in monomer content due to reaction. In the second step, the release is limited by internal diffusion. The influence of monomer reactivity on the emission profile could be demonstrated for 2,4′- and 4,4′-MDI. The less-reactive 2,4′-MDI caused prolonged emission. A strong dependence of emission rates on temperature and adhesive viscosity was also obvious. The evaluation of emission rates of different commercially available PUR adhesives showed the highest emission from systems that are applied at high temperatures. The high reactivity of diisocyanates requires special techniques for sampling and analysis. Therefore, an analytical method using HPLC–MS/MS was developed that enables limits of quantitation of <5 ng/m³ with a sampling volume of 100 l.     

新疆核试验场周围地区主要食品中90Sr(锶)、137Cs(铯)水平及其所致居民剂量

本文报道了新疆核试验场周围地区9个调查区17种主要食品中⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs含量分别为1.1~72.3,0.3~40.7×10^-2Bq·Kg^-1;3个对照区分别为1.6~68.4,0.6~27.4×10^-2Bq·Kg^-1。两地区同类食品中⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs平均含量基本一致。调查区⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs所致成年居民有效剂量当量值分别为2μSV(集体剂量当量为30.0人· SV);0.3μSV(4.5人· SV)。对照区分别为2.2μSV(集体剂量当量为20.9人·SV);0.4μSV(3.0人·SV)。可见我国核试验产生的⁹⁰Sr、¹³⁷Cs对核试验场周围地区食品没有造成明显的局部污染,所致居民剂量当量负担仅为我国天然外照射所致年有效剂量当量(952μSV)的0.2%和0.03%。对该地区的广大居民健康不会产生有害的影响。     

铁路振动的监测、评价及防治措施

对昆明南站附近住宅小区铁路振动进行环境监测、结果分析、评价和讨论,分析了存在的主要问题,提出相应的防治措施.     

活性污泥1号数学模型(ASMI)中的组分

活性污泥数学模型组分的鉴定对活性污泥1号数学模型的应用具有重要的意义。ASMI中的组分包括含碳组分、含氮组分、溶解氧和碱度。传统的组分可以直接用经典的测试方法获得。其余组分目前还没有统一的测定方法，试验测定方法分为生物方法和物理化学方法。     

基于条件变分自编码器的齿轮箱故障诊断

目的实现齿轮箱故障类型的智能识别诊断。方法针对传统故障诊断方法通用性不广、数据依赖强、泛化能力弱并需人工提取特征问题,提出一种基于条件变分自编码器的故障诊断方法。以故障类别概率分布为目标并将振动信号频谱作为条件,通过条件变分自编码器,建立齿轮箱振动信号频谱到对应各故障下的条件概率模型,并通过多层神经网络结合变分推断方法进行训练优化,实现对齿轮箱各类型故障的高精度分类诊断。结果在仅有少量训练数据条件下,实现了准确的故障识别。结论条件变分自编码器在齿轮箱振动信号频谱概率分布建模上具有优异性能,对故障信号数据量的依赖低、泛化能力强,无需人工提取特征。能有效实现齿轮箱故障的智能分类诊断。     

空空导弹新研元器件振动试验条件探讨

空空导弹新研元器件是空空导弹重要组成部分,振动试验是考核新研元器环境适应性的一项重要环境试验,目前的问题是如何制定合理可行的新研元器件的振动试验条件。为了研究空空导弹新研元器件开展多个振动试验时是否存在过试验考核或者重复试验考核问题,对空空导弹新研元器件相关标准、规范及空空导弹要求的振动试验条件进行整理、归纳,对比分析了振动量级、振动时间,得出空空导弹新研元器件可以只按照有关标准、规范规定的振动试验条件考核其振动特性即可,可以不开展空空导弹要求的振动试验。