Rehabilitation of a lowland river: Reconciling flood defence with habitat diversity and geomorphological sustainability

Geomorphologically appropriate rehabilitation measures were proposed to enhance the in-stream environment of the lowland River Idle, north Nottinghamshire, UK. However, the River Idle has multi-functional management requirements including those of flood defence so environmental enhancement must be pursued without significantly increasing the flood risk. Hydraulic testing of rehabilitation proposals is complicated because of the stringent assumptions about flow and morphology in ‘traditional’ hydraulic models. While new generation two- and three-dimension hydraulic models may overcome some of these problems, they are extremely data intensive, require advanced modelling capabilities and are, therefore, very expensive to apply. Also, they do not yet predict morphology-flow interactions adequately. As an alternative, several simple hydraulic models were applied to test the rehabilitation proposals, based on a fitness-for-purpose criterion.BENDFLOW was applied to fine tune the optimal siting of measures and to estimate the additional near-bank scour generated by proposed bend re-profiling. HMODEL2 and the FCFA method were used to test the impact on local channel conveyance capacities and HECRAS was applied to simulate the impact of the proposals on regional flood defence. Indicative results from the testing suggested a maximum increase in near-bank scour of 0·15 m in re-profiled bends, a loss of approximately 10% in flood conveyance locally due to deflector installation or reed and tree planting, and a 0·12 m increase in flood stage within the reach for a 15 year flood. The modelling results were acceptable to the management authority as an indication of an acceptable compromise between flood defence and conservation interests, and construction of the measures followed in 1996. It is clearly that it will require the results of post-project monitoring to indicate whether compromises made to the rehabilitation initiatives in order to satisfy flood defence requirements have unduly reduced their environmental enhancement potential but, for assessing the proposed methods, the models are recommended for use other lowland river environments.     

石英砂加工企业职业病危害防护措施与管理对策研究

通过对安徽省石英砂加工企业生产工艺流程和现场进行调查分析,得出矽尘和噪声是两种最主要的职业病危害因素,发现石英砂生产企业矽尘和噪声危害十分严重,生产作业现场未配备任何防护装备和个人防护用品,作业人员接触职业病危害的比率非常高。分析了石英砂加工企业在职业病危害防护与管理方面的欠缺与不足,提出了针对矽尘和噪声危害因素的具体工程防护措施与管理对策,从源头控制和消除职业病危害,保护劳动者的生命安全与健康。     

超高速瞬态测试系统软硬件构架设计研究

目的研究采样频率为2~10 MHz的64通道超高速同步瞬态测试系统的设计技术,实现两类典型超高速瞬态测试系统的硬件架构设计与软件架构设计。方法一类采用PXI-Express高带宽总线和高速RAID磁盘阵列架构构建持续流盘存储的连续高速测试系统,另一类是采用大容量板载数据缓存和PXI总线事后下载传输数据的架构构造高速测试系统。在高性能测试软件设计方面,主要应用生产者/消费者结构与有限状态机相结合的软件架构进行高性能测试系统软件设计。结果目前64通道下基于持续流盘架构的测试系统受数据记录的速度限制系统最高采样频率仅达2.5 MHz,而基于板载缓存数据与PXI总线事后下载数据架构的测试系统最高采样频率可达10 MHz,测试时长可达5 s。结论当前两类架构的测试系统均可满足超高速瞬态测试需求,设计时需根据需求的最高采样频率决定使用的架构形式。     

振动实验室比对探讨

目的把实验室比对应用到振动实验室。方法参考测量实验室比对的成熟方法,分析振动环境试验的特点及其与普通测量试验比对的区别。结果指出一般的测试实验室被测量是样品的客观属性,但是振动实验室的被测量由各实验室自己产生的振动及其时域频域属性。提出了振动实验室开展比对的初步方案,包括样品设计、试验项目和条件、比对试验组织、比对参数处理等。结论实验室比可以用于振动实验室,对评价振动实验室能力、评价多个振动实验室能力分布有重要作用。     

固定源细颗粒物稀释测试法现场应用存在问题及影响因素分析研究

对基于大气环境的稀释测试法在现场应用中存在的主要问题进行了归纳总结,并对若干影响细颗粒物测试结果的重要因素进行了分析,诸如停留时间、稀释比、采样时间等因素,期望能够对该法测试系统的后续改进或重新设计提供实际问题导向,同时也能够对该领域现场工作的科研人员提供非常有用的经验。     

被动加标在水生生态风险评价中的应用——以多氯联苯分配系数的测定为例

准确的水生生态风险评价需要可靠的毒性数据,而其获取要求在一定时间范围内,水体中污染物的浓度保持恒定。对疏水性有机污染物进行水体生物毒性测试时,通常采用有机溶剂加标,然而该方式可能因为污染物的挥发和降解、容器壁吸附、生物摄取等问题,水体中污染物浓度持续下降,导致污染物的浓度-效应关系难以明确。近期为了克服这些问题,被动加标用于替代溶剂加标,通过污染物在加标体系中平衡分配来维持精确和恒定的水体浓度,同时还可通过测定加标聚合物中污染物的浓度来监测水体浓度。首先介绍了被动加标方法及其材料选择,讨论了该方法在生态风险评价中的主要应用,包括分配系数的测定、体外细胞测试、体内生物积累及毒性测试,以及沉积物毒性评价等。然后,以测定代表污染物多氯联苯在聚二甲基硅氧烷与水间的分配系数为例,详细说明被动加标的操作流程。最后,讨论了被动加标方法的优缺点,并对其在水生生态风险中的应用前景进行了展望。     

随机不确定性影响下某航炮发射动力学仿真

目的研究随机不确定性对航炮发射动力学响应的影响,提高其射击密集度。方法建立某航炮刚柔耦合动力学模型,利用ADAMS软件进行发射动力学仿真分析。考虑航炮射击过程中的不确定因素,采用非概率凸集模型进行量化,揭示缓冲器弹簧刚度、平衡机弹簧刚度、炮膛合力等参数不确定性对航炮射击密集度的影响规律。结果炮口振动在不确定性因素的影响下,出现振动幅值增大,在区间范围内波动的现象。结论航炮射击时的炮口振动严重影响了射击密集度,因此在设计时必须考虑不确定性因素,所得结果对于提高航炮系统射击密集度具有一定的指导意义。     

力限振动试验技术应用与研究

首先介绍传统加速度振动试验产生过试验的主要原因;接着介绍机械阻抗特性,给出视在质量、有效质量及剩余质量的定义;然后通过对复杂二自由度方法进行理论推导,给出力限试验条件的制定方法;最后以铝板为例,建立典型力限控制试验方案,提出力限试验方法及试验步骤。从试验结果看,力限控制试验方法是缓解试件过试验的一种有效方法。     

Comparative abiotic or biotic degradation of carboxin by two Entisols with different surface properties or Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain: A toxicity study using the crustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus

The microcrustacean Thamnocephalus platyurus was used to detect the toxicity reduction of carboxin in abiotic degradation compared to biotic degradation. The abiotic degradation was obtained using two sterilized Entisols with different surface properties while the biotic degradation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa was obtained using the fungicide as the only C source. The results showed that the highest toxicity reduction rates for the abiotic degradation were achieved in 20 days with 49.2% for the coarser soil, 60.7% for the soil with a finer texture, whereas for the biotic degradation, 60.6%. Analysis (¹H NMR) showed that the soils transformed carboxin to produce sulfoxide and enol in different concentrations depending on the soil properties, while P. aeruginosa metabolized the fungicide to produce inorganic compounds such as ammonium and nitrite, minor degradation pathways were oxidized to sulfoxide and hydrolytic ring-opening to 2-[(2-hydroxyethyl)thio]acetoacetanilide enol. These results indicated that the degradation of carboxin occurred via abiotic catalytic processes as well as via biotic transformation leading to less toxic derivatives and such phenomena are caused by exchange/surface features of soils, rather than by the mere content of clay or organic matter fractions.