全国乡镇工业环境政策模拟实验

从大系统理论出发,利用系统仿真技术,首次建立全国乡镇工业环境政策模拟模型和实验方法,并利用本模型和方法预测了我国乡镇工业2000年的经济和环境发展趋势,开展了控制对策实验,提出了乡镇工业发展的污染控制对策的建议。      

垃圾堆放场释气源强确定与评价及其污染控制

对北京北神树垃圾堆放场释气采样并定性定量分析,用上、下风测试和现场测试记录２种方法监测污染气体浓度,用改型扩散算出释气源强;通过室内模拟试验,找出产气量规律,产气成分所占比例,得出单位重量垃圾的产气量,进而推算出源强;评价垃圾释气对环境的影响并提出可行的控制污染对策。     

城市垃圾填埋场表面覆盖层的厚度及外观设计

以青岛湖岛垃圾填埋场为试验点,研究了非封闭式填埋场的表面覆盖层的厚度,并对封闭式填埋场的表面覆盖层厚度和垃圾填埋场生态工程表面覆盖的外观设计进行了探讨。对于非封闭式填埋场,实验结果表明:表面覆盖层的厚度应在0.20~0.50m之间;对于封闭式填埋场,表面覆盖厚度应大于1.5m。垃圾填埋场的外观以坡度为1∶3的凸状设计较为适宜。      

我国乡村城市化中的环境问题及其对策

本文主要论述了我国乡村城市化过程中出现的环境问题,并提出了相应的对策。并通过实例说明加强小城镇的规划、正确进行功能分区、促进乡镇工业结构优化在解决小城镇环境问题中的重要作用。     

县、乡村防灾减灾系统工程

根据县、乡村的组织管理体系和所存在的防灾减灾问题 ,提出了建立县、乡村防灾减灾体系的构想。建议的县政府内设立“县防灾减灾 (中心 )协调办公室” ,组织实施县、乡村防灾减灾系统工程。从抓防灾减灾科普教育宣传入手 ,对全县、乡村灾害进行详细调查评估、监测预报 ,在此基础上有计划地选择小流域和重要灾害点进行治理 ,逐步达到全面推进防灾减灾工作的目的。     

地震灾害应急物流配送系统模型优化方法研究

为合理选择应急物流配送中心地址,提高应急管理能力,基于地震灾害风险评价数据,通过ArcGIS平台形成Voronoi图,可视化表达地震应急准备分区方案并进行应急物流中心预选址;在考虑需求权重情况下,构建应急物流配送中心优化选址模型,通过LINGO软件编程求解得出基于震灾应急准备分区的应急物流配送中心选址方案,并以A市为例,通过与传统行政区划建设方案进行对比,验证本文选址方案的有效性。研究结果表明：本文选址优化模型综合考虑各方面因素,使服务里程总量减少31.39%,单位服务量提高30.61%,验证选址方案的配送效率与公平性。     

Toxicity Testing of Leachate from Waste Landfills Using Medaka (Oryzias Latipes) for Monitoring Environmental Safety

To investigate the environmental safety of waste disposal landfill sites and of land reclaimed from such sites, we evaluated the toxicity of leachate from these sites by a combination of bioassays in the Japanese killifish medaka Oryzias latipes. We tested for lethal toxicity in adult and larval medaka and for hatching inhibition of embryos from eggs. As biochemical evidence of the effects of leachate exposure, CYP1A (EROD activity) and vitellogenin (Vtg) were induced. We also bioassayed water-treated leachate and downstream river water. Leachate solution was lethal to larval and adult medaka. Embryo hatchability was inhibited, and abnormal hatching, spinal deformity and anisophthalmia occurred in embryos exposed to leachate solution. CYP1A was induced by exposure to leachate solution diluted to 1.0%, and EROD activity was significantly higher than in control. Vtg and unknown proteins were induced in the sera of male medaka exposed to the diluted leachate solution. Conventional water treatments worked effectively to remove toxic compounds but did not work well to remove element ions, including heavy metals. Treated leachate produced neither lethal toxicity nor hatching abnormalities during the exposure period. Fish toxicity tests for leachate would be useful for monitoring the environmental safety of landfill sites.     

An assessment of tree health and trace element accumulation near a coal-fired generating station, Manitoba, Canada

A forest health assessment was performed in stands dominated by bur oak and trembling aspen to study the potential effects of airborne emissions from a 132 MW coal-fired station. Forty-two stands were sampled within a 16-km radius of the station for both foliar stress symptoms and trace element toxicology. The concentrations of tracer elements (As, Ba, Sr, and V) in the leaf litter were not spatially congruent with airborne emission deposition models (except Ba, which showed elevated levels immediately SE of the station), nor were they at phytotoxic levels. Elemental concentrations were significantly related to soil parameters including organic matter and texture. No patterns were found in forest health along directional or distance gradients from the generating station. Trembling aspen stands demonstrated little decline in general, but three of the 19 bur oak plots, all located on thin sandy soils developed on calcareous till, demonstrated branch dieback. In addition to poor soil conditions, two of these sites also had high water tables, and exhibited tree mortality. The bur oak decline did not appear to be related to emissions from the station, but is suspected to be a result of poor site quality, with urban development as a confounding factor.     

Integration of traditional and innovative characterization techniques for flux-based assessment of Dense Non-aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) sites

Key attributes of the source zone and the expanding dissolved plume at a trichloroethene (TCE) site in Australia were evaluated using trends in groundwater monitoring data along with data from on-line volatile organic compound (VOC) samplers and passive flux meters (PFMs) deployed in selected wells. These data indicate that: (1) residual TCE source mass in the saturated zone, estimated using two innovative techniques, is small ( 10 kg), which is also reflected in small source mass discharge ( 3 g/day); (2) the plume is disconnecting, based on TCE concentration contours and TCE fluxes in wells along a longitudinal transect; (3) there is minimal biodegradation, based on TCE mass discharge of  6 g/day at a plume control plane  175 m from source, which is also consistent with aerobic geochemical conditions observed in the plume; and (4) residual TCE in the vadose zone provides episodic inputs of TCE mass to the plume during infiltration/recharge events. TCE flux data also suggest that the small residual TCE source mass is present in the low-permeability zones, thus making source treatment difficult. Our analysis, based on a synthesis of the archived data and new data, suggests that source treatment is unwarranted, and that containment of the large TCE plume ( 1.2 km long,  0.3 km wide; 17 m deep;  2000–2500 kg TCE mass) or institutional controls, along with a long-term flux monitoring program, might be necessary. The flux-based site management approach outlined in this paper provides a novel way of looking beyond the complexities of groundwater contamination in heterogeneous domains, to make intelligent and informed site decisions based on strategic measurement of the appropriate metrics.     

局部断层场地对平面SV波的散射

借助Wolf的土层和半空间精确动力刚度矩阵及斜线荷载的格林函数,利用间接边界元法在频域内求解了局部断层场地对SV波的散射,着重分析了破碎带较窄断层两侧围岩动力响应的基本规律,以及场地动力特性对散射的影响.研究表明,破碎带断层对SV波有显著的影响,即使破碎带很窄,也可以对SV波产生很大的放大作用;层状场地的动力特性对放大作用有显著的影响.