华东区域高山背景点PM10 和PM2.5 背景值及污染特征

为了解华东森林及高山背景区域大气中PM10和PM2.5质量浓度的变化特征,选取国家大气背景监测福建武夷山站2011年3月～2012年2月PM10、PM2.5为期1 a的监测数据,研究其浓度变化特征及其影响因子,并利用后向轨迹模式探讨区域输送对背景区域PM10和PM2.5质量浓度的影响.结果表明:华东森林及高山区域现阶段PM10和PM2.5背景浓度分别为(23±16)μg·m-3和(18±12)μg·m-3;PM10和PM2.5浓度具有相同的季节变化特征,即春季>秋季>冬季>夏季,2011年春季武夷山背景点因受沙尘远距离输送影响,PM10和PM2.5浓度明显高于其它三季;武夷山背景地区主要以细粒子为主,PM2.5/PM10年平均比值为0.76;PM10和PM2.5浓度与气体污染物均有较好的相关性,表明PM10和PM2.5可能来源于区域人为污染源的输送和二次粒子转化;2011年4月的污染事件与北方沙尘输送有关,而9月的污染事件主要与华东高污染负荷区的污染物输送有关.     

农村社区自然灾害应急演练方法的初步研究——以四川省广元市马口村自然灾害应急演练为例

通过对2009年11月12日在四川省广元市三堆镇马口村举行的自然灾害应急演练进行初步的分析研究,总结出了从前期准备、正式实施到演练评估的农村社区自然灾害应急演练基本流程和方法。在马口村自然灾害应急演练的前期准备阶段,根据当地实际情况选择了滑坡、泥石流为演练的自然灾害背景,制定了3级响应演练模式,并细化了各级响应的启动标准。在演练的正式实施阶段,采用了参与式的演练方案设计方法,充分调动了当地群众的积极性。演练结束后在现场发放调查问卷,对演练进行了多方面、多角度的评估,演练基本达到了预定目标。     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

Occupational Risk Identification Using Hand-Held or Laptop Computers

This paper describes the Work Environment Profile (WEP) program and its use in risk identification by computer. It is installed into a hand-held computer or a laptop to be used in risk identification during work site visits. A 5-category system is used to describe the identified risks in 7 groups, i.e., accidents, biological and physical hazards, ergonomic and psychosocial load, chemicals, and information technology hazards. Each group contains several qualifying factors. These 5 categories are colour-coded at this stage to aid with visualization. Risk identification produces visual summary images the interpretation of which is facilitated by colours. The WEP program is a tool for risk assessment which is easy to learn and to use both by experts and nonprofessionals. It is especially well adapted to be used both in small and in larger enterprises. Considerable time is saved as no paper notes are needed.     

Investigation and identification of factors affecting migrating peasant workers’ usage of safety footwear in the Chinese construction industry

A sample of 300 migrating peasant workers from 15 Chinese building construction sites completed a demographic questionnaire to investigate the usage of safety footwear. The survey form was constructed based on the theory of planned behaviour, and a total of 12 questions focusing on the workers’ past experience, attitudes, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control were included in the survey. It was found that 92% of the participants did not wear safety footwear while working on construction sites, although more than 91% of them believed that safety footwear would protect the foot from injury; none of the participants had been provided free safety footwear by their employer. Regression analysis shows that employers’ attitude is the most important factor affecting their usage of safety footwear, ‘providing free safety footwear’ and ‘comfortability of the safety footwear’ ranking second and third respectively.     

创建安全文明工地之我见

从安全生产意识和安全文化的角度，阐述了工地建筑安全管理的意义和方法，提出了建立安全管理体系的必要性。     

模糊层次综合评判法在火电厂选址决策中的应用

根据影响火电厂选址的因素较多、相互之间具有不确定性和模糊性这一特点,结合火电厂选址的实际情况,建立了火电厂选址综合效益评价指标体系;运用模糊层次综合评判法确定了各指标的权重分配;从可持续发展的角度对火电厂选址综合效益进行了评价;经过专家投票,将各因素层次化,得出模糊评价结果,即找到综合效益最好的厂址;并通过实例验证了该方法的可行性。可为火电厂决策者投资建设项目提供依据。     

关于城市生活垃圾填埋场填埋气体的产气影响因素探讨

在总结城市生活垃圾产气的特点的基础上．通过对杭州市天子岭垃圾填埋场内不同条件下的多处生活垃圾堆体所产生的填埋气体进行测量,找寻填埋气体的产气影响因素,从而找到了合适的管理与应用方法。     

浅谈垃圾填埋场渗滤液处理工艺和方式

城市生活垃圾填埋场项目环评工作中,其重点和难点是根据不同的自然环境,提出科学、合理、经济、有针对性的垃圾填埋渗滤液处理工艺和方式。垃圾填埋场渗滤液是难处理的高浓度有机废水,在填埋场不同服务时期,其渗滤液的水质及主要组分也在发生变化。本文结合国内外对渗滤液研究基础上,剖析垃圾填埋场渗滤液产生来源、水质特点、主要组分变化情况,深入研究渗滤液的预处理过程、物理化学法、生物处理法及土地处理法等方法的适用条件和优缺点对比,并提出垃圾填埋场对渗滤液的各种处理形式。目前垃圾渗滤液处理方法和方式虽然很多,但如何从源头上减少渗滤液的产生,找到既经济又合理的处理工艺,值得我们在环评工作中做进一步研究。     

成都站金属材料土壤腐蚀原位测试研究

通过对成都材料土壤腐蚀试验站金属材料腐蚀电位、腐蚀率及土壤环境因素的原位连续测试及定期测量土壤微生物方法,研究了碳钢、铝、铜、铅的土壤腐蚀规律。探讨了土壤环境因素及土壤微生物变化规律对金属材料的腐蚀影响。