Environmental assessment of garden waste management in the Municipality of Aarhus, Denmark

An environmental assessment of six scenarios for handling of garden waste in the Municipality of Aarhus (Denmark) was performed from a life cycle perspective by means of the LCA-model EASEWASTE. In the first (baseline) scenario, the current garden waste management system based on windrow composting was assessed, while in the other five scenarios alternative solutions including incineration and home composting of fractions of the garden waste were evaluated. The environmental profile (normalised to Person Equivalent, PE) of the current garden waste management in Aarhus is in the order of −6 to 8 mPE Mg⁻¹ ww for the non-toxic categories and up to 100 mPE Mg⁻¹ ww for the toxic categories. The potential impacts on non-toxic categories are much smaller than what is found for other fractions of municipal solid waste. Incineration (up to 35% of the garden waste) and home composting (up to 18% of the garden waste) seem from an environmental point of view suitable for diverting waste away from the composting facility in order to increase its capacity. In particular the incineration of woody parts of the garden waste improved the environmental profile of the garden waste management significantly.     

Phospholipid fatty acid biomarkers in a freshwater periphyton community exposed to uranium: discovery by non-linear statistical learning

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) have been widely used to characterize environmental microbial communities, generating community profiles that can distinguish phylogenetic or functional groups within the community. The poor specificity of organism groups with fatty acid biomarkers in the classic PLFA-microorganism associations is a confounding factor in many of the statistical classification/clustering approaches traditionally used to interpret PLFA profiles. In this paper we demonstrate that non-linear statistical learning methods, such as a support vector machine (SVM), can more accurately find patterns related to uranyl nitrate exposure in a freshwater periphyton community than linear methods, such as partial least squares discriminant analysis. In addition, probabilistic models of exposure can be derived from the identified lipid biomarkers to demonstrate the potential model-based approach that could be used in remediation. The SVM probability model separates dose groups at accuracies of ∼87.0%, ∼71.4%, ∼87.5%, and 100% for the four groups; Control (non-amended system), low dose (amended at 10 μg U L⁻¹), medium dose (amended at 100 μg U L⁻¹), and high dose (500 μg U L⁻¹). The SVM model achieved an overall cross-validated classification accuracy of ∼87% in contrast to ∼59% for the best linear classifier.     

联合NaOH和Ca(OH)2强化剩余污泥厌氧发酵生产挥发性脂肪酸

以剩余污泥为研究对象,在序批式厌氧反应器中探究了NaOH和Ca（OH）2联合作用对污泥厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）的影响。结果表明,相较于NaOH单独发酵,NaOH和Ca（OH）2的联合作用能够进一步促进VFA的积累,且NaOH和Ca（OH）2的质量比例为50：50时,VFA的最大积累量为286 mg COD·g-1VSS。机理研究表明,NaOH和Ca（OH）2联合作用能够促进污泥溶解过程,并且溶解性COD（SCOD）的最大含量为3 650 mg·L-1,同时NaOH和Ca（OH）2联合作用能够促进胞外聚合物内部有机物向外部的转移。NaOH和Ca（OH）2联合作用能够进一步遏制产甲烷古菌的活性,甲烷的最大积累量为165 mL,远小于NaOH单独影响下甲烷的积累量。研究结果对指导污泥厌氧发酵回收能源物质具有一定的指导意义。     

Dicarboxylic acid concentration trends and sampling artifacts

Dicarboxylic acids associated with airborne particulate matter were measured during a summer period in Philadelphia that included multiple air pollution episodes. Samples were collected for two 10 h periods each day using a high-volume sampler with two quartz fiber filters in series, and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) with diazomethane derivatization. Among the dicarboxylic acids investigated, phthalic acid and adipic acid exhibited the greatest diurnal variations and the strongest linear relationship with maximum daily ozone concentration. Dicarboxylic acids and ozone concentration exhibited a poor linear relationship with organic to elemental carbon ratio. All species investigated were affected by significant sampling artifact errors at low concentrations, but sampling errors were negligible at high concentrations observed during ozone episodes.     

Enhanced nitrogen removal upon the addition of volatile fatty acids from activated sludge by combining calcium peroxide and low-thermal pretreatments

This study investigated a combined low-thermal and CaO₂ pretreatment to enhance the volatile fatty acid (VFA) production from waste activated sludge (WAS). The fermentative product was added to a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as an external carbon source to enhance nitrogen removal. The results showed that the combined pretreatment improved WAS solubilization, releasing more biodegradable substrates, such as proteins and polysaccharides, from TB-EPS to LB-EPS and S-EPS. The maximum VFA production of 3529 ± 188 mg COD/L was obtained in the combined pretreatment (0.2 g CaO₂/g VS + 70 °C for 60 min), which was 2.1 and 1.4-fold of that obtained from the sole low-thermal pretreatment and the control test, respectively. Consequently, when the fermentative liquid was added as an external denitrification carbon source, the effluent total nitrogen decreased to Class A of the discharge standard for pollutants in rural wastewater treatment plants in most areas of China.     

典型涂料制造企业VOCs排放量核算与排放特征分析

采集了上海地区8家不同类型的涂料制造企业中不同生产环节有组织排放的废气样本,分析其VOCs组分特征和活性VOCs物种,并应用3种实际排放量核算方法计算企业的VOCs年排放量,分析了其与排污许可排放量的关系。结果表明：1)涂料制造行业排放废气的特征组分为芳香烃、OVOCs、卤代烃,占全部VOCs质量浓度的56.2%~99.1%,乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、4-乙基甲苯、间/对二甲苯、甲苯、甲乙酮是涂料制造行业VOCs排放的典型物种;2)基于MIR值法的计算结果,芳香烃和OVOCs是涂料制造行业排放VOCs的主要活性组分,累计OFP贡献率达36.0%~99.8%,其中,4-乙基甲苯(52.1%)、氯乙烯(48.1%)、乙酸丁酯(47.9%)、乙酸乙酯(42.6%)、间/对二甲苯(41.3%)是各类涂料工艺废气中OFP贡献率最高的物质,除苯系物、乙酸酯类化合物外,氯乙烯、甲乙酮、四氢呋喃也是涂料制造过程中值得关注的活性物质;3)涂料制造企业车间的有组织废气VOCs排放量占全厂VOCs排放量的75.0%以上,其次是实验室废气,VOCs排放量为3.5%~16.8%。在VOCs实际排放量核算中,使用实测法的核算结果与物料衡算法接近,且计算简便,在正常运行时均低于许可排放限值;而产污系数法所核算数值较许可排放限值更高,在现阶段可作为一项惩罚性计算方法。     

吸附法净化工业VOCs的研究进展

挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)是大气中PM2.5及O3的关键前体物,大多易燃易爆,部分属有毒有害物质,会造成大气环境污染,有损人群健康.吸附法因简单高效及低成本等优点被广泛应用于VOCs的净化.综述了工业VOCs的类型及特点,分析了影响VOCs吸附净化效果的主要因素,如吸附材料、吸附剂物化参数(比表面积、孔结构、表面官能...     

有机废物厌氧发酵液链延长合成中链脂肪酸研究进展

有机废物产量巨大,具备较高的资源化利用潜力。以有机废物厌氧发酵液为底物,通过链延长工艺生产中链脂肪酸,可有效提升产物的经济价值,因而是一种极具潜力的有机废物资源化方法。梳理了有机废物厌氧发酵液链延长的机理以及影响因素,分析了不同有机废物在厌氧发酵链延长中的作用,并提出了今后研究的方向。学术界已获得的研究结果表明,以混合有机废物作为底物进行厌氧发酵,可以实现氮源和碳源的相互补充,其获得的发酵液中挥发性脂肪酸浓度更高,这对后续的链延长产中链脂肪酸具有良好的促进作用。     

游离态氨基酸对羊角月牙藻的生物有效性

采用实验室模拟培养试验,以6种个体氨基酸——丝氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸和精氨酸为唯一氮源,采用一次性培养的方法,在无菌条件下,研究羊角月牙藻对不同种类个体氨基酸和不同浓度混合氨基酸的利用潜能。结果表明:藻细胞在生长过程中会释放氨基酸增加水体中氨基酸浓度,同时,藻类可迅速并直接利用多种游离态氨基酸快速生长。氨基酸浓度在培养周期的前2天减少90%以上,藻细胞数在第6~8天达到最大,说明藻细胞的生长滞后于游离氨基酸浓度的下降;在个体氨基酸试验中,藻细胞对氨基酸的利用程度为精氨酸>丙氨酸>谷氨酸>天门冬氨酸>丝氨酸>甘氨酸;在混合氨基酸试验中,藻细胞的比增殖速率明显高于个体氨基酸试验组,且随混合氨基酸浓度的增加,最大藻细胞生物量增加;羊角月牙藻在利用个体氨基酸的同时也会释放其他种类的氨基酸,其中,天冬氨酸和甘氨酸的释放浓度最大。羊角月牙藻在无机氮缺乏情况下,能迅速利用氨基酸。     

进料频率对餐厨垃圾与剩余污泥中温共发酵系统稳定性的影响

考察系统负荷(以COD计)为11.36 g·(L·d)-1时,6种不同进料频率下,餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥中温厌氧共发酵过程中产气量、气体组分、SCOD、pH和挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的变化,旨在明确进料频率对系统稳定性的影响,同时结合单一VFA的产甲烷动力学特性,探明系统不稳定的原因。结果表明,进料频率较高时,进料周期内系统的气体组分、SCOD和pH无明显变化,产气量呈线性增长,且基本无VFA积累。随着进料频率降低,进料初期过快的水解酸化导致SCOD和VFAs浓度呈现明显的先升高后逐渐降低的趋势,从而导致pH和甲烷含量波动明显。当进料频率为1 次·d-1时,系统中pH降至7.5,甲烷含量降至45.4%,丙酸占总有机酸的比例最高可达87.9%。相比乙酸而言,丙酸在甲烷化过程中存在的延滞期(1.21 h)及较低的甲烷化速率(5.01 mL·h-1)可能是导致存在丙酸积累的低频进料系统中稳定性较差的原因之一。