汞矿区大气汞的流通量与汞干湿沉降研究

应用ＦｌｕｘＣｈａｍｂｅｒ技术评价汞矿,矿渣及附近土壤表面汞的流通量,表明,土壤表面汞的流通量平均为１７３．５ｎｇ．ｈ＾－１．ｍ＾－２,矿均为２３６．６ｎｇ．ｈ＾－１．ｍ＾－２,原矿平均为７０ｎｇ．ｈ＾－１．ｍ＾－２。     

Land-Use Change and Carbon Flux Between 1970s and 1990s in Central Highlands of Chiapas, Mexico

6 tons C were released to the atmosphere during the period of time covered by our study, equal to approximately 34% of the 1975 vegetation C pool. The Chiapas highlands, while comprising just 0.3% of Mexico's surface area, contributed 3% of the net national C emissions.     

Integration of traditional and innovative characterization techniques for flux-based assessment of Dense Non-aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) sites

Key attributes of the source zone and the expanding dissolved plume at a trichloroethene (TCE) site in Australia were evaluated using trends in groundwater monitoring data along with data from on-line volatile organic compound (VOC) samplers and passive flux meters (PFMs) deployed in selected wells. These data indicate that: (1) residual TCE source mass in the saturated zone, estimated using two innovative techniques, is small ( 10 kg), which is also reflected in small source mass discharge ( 3 g/day); (2) the plume is disconnecting, based on TCE concentration contours and TCE fluxes in wells along a longitudinal transect; (3) there is minimal biodegradation, based on TCE mass discharge of  6 g/day at a plume control plane  175 m from source, which is also consistent with aerobic geochemical conditions observed in the plume; and (4) residual TCE in the vadose zone provides episodic inputs of TCE mass to the plume during infiltration/recharge events. TCE flux data also suggest that the small residual TCE source mass is present in the low-permeability zones, thus making source treatment difficult. Our analysis, based on a synthesis of the archived data and new data, suggests that source treatment is unwarranted, and that containment of the large TCE plume ( 1.2 km long,  0.3 km wide; 17 m deep;  2000–2500 kg TCE mass) or institutional controls, along with a long-term flux monitoring program, might be necessary. The flux-based site management approach outlined in this paper provides a novel way of looking beyond the complexities of groundwater contamination in heterogeneous domains, to make intelligent and informed site decisions based on strategic measurement of the appropriate metrics.     

Gaseous mercury emissions from unsterilized and sterilized soils: The effect of temperature and UV radiation

Mercury (Hg) emissions from the soils taken from two different sites (deciduous and coniferous forests) in the Adirondacks were measured in outdoor and laboratory experiments. Some of the soil samples were irradiated to eliminate biological activity. The result from the outdoor measurements with different soils suggests the Hg emission from the soils is partly limited by fallen leaves covering the soils which helps maintain relatively high soil moisture and limits the amount of heat and solar radiation reaching the soil surface. In laboratory experiments exposure to UV-A (365 nm) had no significant effect on the Hg emissions while the Hg emissions increased dramatically during exposure to UV-B (302 nm) light suggesting UV-B directly reduced soil-associated Hg. Overall these results indicate that for these soils biotic processes have a relatively constant and smaller influence on the Hg emission from the soil than the more variable abiotic processes.     

Are Bavarian Forests (southern Germany) at risk from ground-level ozone? Assessment using exposure and flux based ozone indices

Exposure and flux-based indices of O₃ risk were compared, at 19 forest locations across Bavaria in southern Germany from 2002 to 2005; leaf symptoms on mature beech trees found at these locations were also examined for O₃ injury. O₃ flux modelling was performed using continuously recorded O₃ concentrations in combination with meteorological and soil moisture data collected from Level II forest sites. O₃ measurements at nearby rural open-field sites proved appropriate as surrogates in cases where O₃ data were lacking at forest sites (with altitude-dependent average differences of about 10% between O₃ concentrations). Operational thresholds of biomass loss for both O₃ indices were exceeded at the majority of the forest locations, suggesting similar risk under long-term average climate conditions. However, exposure-based indices estimated higher O₃ risk during dry years as compared to the flux-based approach. In comparison, minor O₃-like leaf injury symptoms were detected only at a few of the forest sites investigated. Relationships between flux-based risk thresholds and tree response need to be established for mature forest stands for validation of predicted growth reductions under the prevailing O₃ regimes.     

Persistence of radon-222 flux during monsoon at a geothermal zone in Nepal

The Syabru-Bensi hydrothermal zone, Langtang region (Nepal), is characterized by high radon-222 and CO₂ discharge. Seasonal variations of gas fluxes were studied on a reference transect in a newly discovered gas discharge zone. Radon-222 and CO₂ fluxes were measured with the accumulation chamber technique, coupled with the scintillation flask method for radon. In the reference transect, fluxes reach exceptional mean values, as high as 8700 ± 1500 g m⁻² d⁻¹ for CO₂ and 3400 ± 100 × 10⁻³ Bq m⁻² s⁻¹ for radon. Gases fluxes were measured in September 2007 during the monsoon and during the dry winter season, in December 2007 to January 2008 and in December 2008 to January 2009. Contrary to expectations, radon and its carrier gas fluxes were similar during both seasons. The integrated flux along this transect was approximately the same for radon, with a small increase of 11 ± 4% during the wet season, whereas it was reduced by 38 ± 5% during the monsoon for CO₂. In order to account for the persistence of the high gas emissions during monsoon, watering experiments have been performed at selected radon measurement points. After watering, radon flux decreased within 5 min by a factor of 2–7 depending on the point. Subsequently, it returned to its original value, firstly, by an initial partial recovery within 3–4 h, followed by a slow relaxation, lasting around 10 h and possibly superimposed by diurnal variations. Monsoon, in this part of the Himalayas, proceeds generally by brutal rainfall events separated by two- or three-day lapses. Thus, the recovery ability shown in the watering experiments accounts for the observed long-term persistence of gas discharge. This persistence is an important asset for long-term monitoring, for example to study possible temporal variations associated with stress accumulation and release.     

植物叶片氨挥发研究进展

氨是大气污染的一个重要组成部分,植物叶片氨挥发是大气氨污染的来源之一。植物氨挥发的强弱与植株氮素利用效率有很好的相关性,很多研究表明,植株收获时的总氮量一般显著小于植株氮素最大累积量,植株生长后期体内含氮化合物的水解和氨的挥发可能是其重要原因。因此,研究植物体的氨挥发对于大气环境保护和提高氮肥利用率具有非常重要的意义。本文对植物叶片氨挥发的主要测定方法、机理和影响因素进行了综述,对植物叶片氨挥发研究中的一些问题进行了讨论。     

地下水中VOC挥发因子模型的研究

建立了一个计算地下水中挥发性有机物（VOC）挥发因子的模型.选用半挥发性的1,2,4-三氯苯和挥发性的四氯乙烯为VOC的代表,分别计算了非饱和区土壤为砂土和粘土时的挥发因子.结果表明：蒸发使VOC的挥发因子增大,而下渗则使VOC的挥发因子减小;不论VOC的挥发性强弱,蒸发（下渗）对挥发因子的影响均比较明显;蒸发情况下,非饱和区土壤性质对挥发因子的影响不明显,而下渗情况下,非饱和区土壤性质对挥发因子的影响则趋于明显;此外,当非饱和区土壤为粘土时,VOC的挥发因子受蒸发（下渗）的影响更明显.     

海水无机碳对过量无机氮输入引起的富营养化响应的模拟研究

模拟研究了在添加过量无机氮造成海水的富营养化条件下,水体pH、无机碳体系、海-气CO2通量的变化过程,探讨了海水无机碳对过量无机氮输入引起的富营养化响应机制.结果表明, NO-3添加组中,当浓度≤37.60μmol·L-1,时, HCO-3、p(CO2)增加, pH、CO2-3下降;当浓度≥188μmol·L-1,时,则正好相反. NH 4添加组中,当浓度≤25.20μmol·L-1时能够明显促进水体HCO-3、p(CO2)减少, pH、CO2-3增加,水体表现为吸收大气CO2;当浓度≥126μmol·L-1时,水体表现为向大气释放CO2,且强度随浓度的增加而增强. N0-2添加组中,当N0-2浓度在7.90μmol·L-1时, HCO-3、p(CO2)呈明显的下降趋势, pH、CO2-3则随时间明显增加,水体表现为吸收大气CO2且强度随时间的增加而增强,而当N0-2高于和低于此浓度时,无机碳变化不明显.水体Chl-a较对照组的增加量(△Chl-a)与△p(CO2)具有很好的负相关关系(r=-0.87, p<0.0001, n=16),表明造成以上差异的原因与水体中浮游植物在不同形式不同浓度无机氮作用下对水体无机碳利用性不同有关.     

大亚湾表层沉积物间隙水与上覆水中营养盐分布特征

通过2007年4月和8月2次对大亚湾内13个站位的采样分析,探讨了表层沉积物间隙水和上覆水中营养盐含量的时空分布特征,估算了沉积物一海水界面营养盐的扩散通量,并对间隙水和上覆水中的营养盐含量进行了相关性分析.结果表明,大部分表层沉积物间隙水中营养盐含量远高于上覆水,但两者不具有相同的含量分布趋势.PO34-P、SiO23-Si、NH4 4 -N、NO-2-N和NO-3-N在沉积物-海水界面的平均扩散通量分别为9.22、444.99、13.49、20.71、8.99p,mol·m-2·d-1.相关性分析表明,营养盐在间隙水和上覆水中的含量均无明显相关性,说明间隙水中赋存营养盐的浓度并不是其上覆水中营养盐含量的决定因素.