喀斯特城市湖库pCO2及CO2通量空间格局研究

为探索典型喀斯特城市湖库二氧化碳分压（pCO₂）及其交换通量（F）空间格局,以我国贵阳市阿哈湖水库（AHa）、松柏山水库（SBS）、百花湖（BHH）和红枫湖（HFH）为对象,探索了区域气象水文基础数据、碳酸盐平衡参数及环境因子,进而评估表层水体pCO₂及其F空间变化.结果表明,受原位新陈代谢和水文调节,AHa的pCO₂为（861.6±462.8）μatm,显著高于SBS （223.6±213.1）μatm、BHH （139.3±63.6）μatm和HFH （126.2±50.9）μatm （P<0.05）,且各湖库水-气界面二氧化碳（CO₂）交换速率（k值）在（2.05~3.82） cm/h范围内.AHa的F值为（6.23±9.59） mmol/（m²·d）,具有向大气排放CO₂的潜力;SBS、BHH和HFH的F值分别为（-5.86±5.25） mmol/（m²×d）、（-8.63±1.03） mmol/（m²·d）和（-7.58±1.10） mmol/（m²·d）,表现为大气CO₂汇.湖库表层水体pCO₂与环境因子叶绿素a （Chla）和氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）具有显著相关性（P<0.05）,说明喀斯特湖库碳酸盐耦合光合作用和人为输入极大影响了水体CO₂量级.     

Evidence of temperature-controlled dissolved inorganic nitrogen distribution in a shallow lake

Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) plays an important role in aquatic ecosystems as an available source of nitrogen (N). Despite recent advances in our understanding of the effects of climate change on DIN in coastal waters, shallow high-latitude lakes exposed to large seasonal temperature differences have received limited research attention. Therefore, in the present study, Baiyangdian Lake (BYDL) was selected as the study area, as a typical high latitude shallow lake in North China. Based on water and sediment samples collected in spring, summer and winter seasons, DIN accumulation in sedimentary pore water and DIN diffusion fluxes at the sediment-water interface were quantified under different temperature conditions. Correlation analysis was used to establish the effects of temperature on DIN concentration and diffusion in different media. Results show that the diffusion of DIN at the lake sediment-water interface exhibited a strongly positive relationship with temperature, suggesting that high temperature conditions lead to greater DIN release from sediments. Cold temperatures cause DIN accumulation in sedimentary pore water, providing sufficient substrate for N-related bacteria in the sediment under cold temperature conditions. Temperature controls the vertical distribution of DIN by affecting its migratory diffusion and transformation at the sediment-water interface. These findings are valuable for understanding the impact of climate change on the distribution of N in inland shallow lakes, especially in high latitude shallow lakes subjected to large seasonal temperature differences throughout the year.     

Diffusion test of 20 kinds of waste molten slags and competitive materials

“Waste molten slag” is a glass-like material produced by the vitrification of solid waste or solid waste incineration residue. When using slags of this kind in a natural environment, their impact is anticipated to be at the same level as competitive or substituted materials. In this study, we made comparative evaluations between waste molten slags and competitive materials, using 20 samples in total. It was proved that release fluxes of metals from molten slags of municipal solid waste were almost at the same level as competitive or substituted materials. However, a larger impact will be caused from some types of slag that contain harmful metals in high concentrations, such as the slag from shredded automobile residues. The results of release flux showed that nearly 80% of the slope of the flux did not fit with the diffusion range. However, the linearity of every flux was extremely high, regardless of the slope.     

Source and deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to Shanghai, China

Despite recent efforts to investigate the distribution and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air, water, and soil, very little is known about their temporal change in wet deposition. As a result of increased attention to public health, a large-scale survey on the deposition flux and distribution of PAH contamination in rainwater was urgently conducted in Shanghai, China. In this study, 163 rainwater samples were collected from six sites, and 15 PAH compounds were detected by the use of a simple solid phase microextraction (SPME) technique coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The dominant PAH species monitored were naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene, and fluoranthene. The concentration of total PAHs per event was between 74 and 980 ng/L, with an average value of 481 ng/L, which is at the high end of worldwide figures. The annual deposition flux of PAHs in rainwater was estimated to be 4148 kg/yr in the Shanghai area, suggesting rainfall as a major possible pathway for removing PAHs from the atmosphere. Diagnostic analysis by the ratios of An/178 and Fl/Fl+Py suggested that combustion of grass, wood, and coal was the major contributor to PAHs in the Shanghai region. Back trajectory analysis also indicated that the pollutant sources could be from the southern part of China.     

不同植被下森林地表系统水相硫的分布与迁移

为了阐明酸雨对森林生态系统水相硫动态分布的影响,在1997~1999年以庐山植物园的针叶林和阔叶林为研究对象,对降雨、透冠水、干流水、渗漏水、径流水及硫通量进行了监测分析。结果表明,降水中SO2-4含量最高值出现在冬季,最低值在夏季;针叶林和阔叶林的透冠水、干流水和渗漏水中的SO2-4含量均高于降水,且透冠水和干流水均表现为春夏季较低、秋冬季较高,径流水变化与之相反;渗漏水针叶林冬季最高,阔叶林春季最高,其他三个季节差异不大;森林生态系统水相硫年际变化呈递增趋势,即1997年1998年1999年,1999年SO2-4浓度与1998和1997年之间差异达显著或极显著水平,而1997年和1998年差异不显著;针叶林的透冠水、干流水、渗漏水中的SO2-4含量均比阔叶林高,而径流水则比阔叶林低,其pH值变化与之相反。针叶林和阔叶林都能够较好的吸收大气沉降中的S,其固定量均高于降水中S的通量,故庐山森林生态系统目前仍是大气S沉降的汇,对酸沉降仍有缓冲作用,但针叶林由于高输入低输出,因此对S的固定能力更强。     

Ammonia volatilization from a Chinese cabbage field under different nitrogen treatments in the Taihu Lake Basin, China

Ammonia(NH_3) volatilization is a major pathway of nitrogen(N) loss from soil-crop systems.As vegetable cultivation is one of the most important agricultural land uses worldwide,a deeper understanding of NH_3 volatilization is necessary in vegetable production systems.We therefore conducted a 3-year(2010–2012) field experiment to characterize NH_3 volatilization and evaluate the effect of different N fertilizer treatments on this process during the growth period of Chinese cabbage.Ammonia volatilization rate,rainfall,soil water content,p H,and soil NH_4~+were measured during the growth period.The results showed that NH_3 volatilization was significantly and positively correlated to topsoil p H and NH4+concentration.Climate factors and fertilization method also significantly affected NH_3 volatilization.Specifically,organic fertilizer(OF) increased NH_3 volatilization by 11.77%–18.46%,compared to conventional fertilizer(CF,urea),while organic–inorganic compound fertilizer(OIF) reduced NH_3 volatilization by 8.82%–12.67% compared to CF.Furthermore,slow-release fertilizers had significantly positive effects on controlling NH_3 volatilization,with a 60.73%–68.80% reduction for sulfur-coated urea(SCU),a 71.85%–78.97% reduction for biological Carbon Power~#174; urea(BCU),and a 77.66%–83.12% reduction for bulk-blend controlled-release fertilizer(BBCRF)relative to CF.This study provides much needed baseline information,which will help in fertilizer choice and management practices to reduce NH_3 volatilization and encourage the development of new strategies for vegetable planting.     

济南市土壤酸沉降承压度研究

将承载力理论应用到酸沉降研究中,建立了土壤酸沉降承载力评价方法,并对济南市进行了实证分析.在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,以遥感数据为数据源,在确定土壤外界压力及内部缓冲能力的基础上,计算了土壤酸沉降承压度.以承压度作为评价指标对济南市土壤酸沉降承载状况进行了评价.将承压度大于1定义为超载,结果表明,2005-2010年济南市S沉降超载区域大多分布在南部部分植被区域及北部部分耕地区域,超载的主要土壤类型为潮土;N沉降超载区域主要分布在南部部分植被区域,各主要土壤类型N沉降承压度平均值均小于1.评价方法借助于遥感数据,能够满足区域土壤酸沉降承载力评价空间和时间尺度上的需求,是对土壤酸沉降常规研究方法的补充.     

Sediment nutrient flux in a coastal lake impacted by diverted Mississippi River water

The internal nutrient load from bottom sediment to the water column of a Louisiana Barataria Basin lake (Lake Cataouatche) receiving diverted Mississippi River water was determined. Dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP), ammonium (NH₄-N) and nitrate (NO₃-N) flux from sediment to water column were measured. The DRP flux averaged-0.22 mg m^-2 d^-1 under aerobic water column conditions, as compared with that 3.29 mg m^-2 d^-1 under anaerobic conditions. The average NH₄-N released under anaerobic conditions (1.42 mg m^-2 d^-1) was significantly greater than rates under aerobic conditions (-0.02 mg m^-2 d^-1), indicating a strong relationship between nutrient flux and oxygen availability in the water column. The average NO₃-N flux was 2.13 mg m^-2 d^-1 under aerobic conditions as compared with-0.24 mg m^-2 d^-1 under anaerobic conditions in the sediment-water column. When the water column maintained under anaerobic conditions was switched to aerobic conditions, the DRP, NH₄-N, and NO₃-N concentrations in overlying water decreased rapidly over a short period of time. The mean annual internal DRP and NH₄-N load from the sediment to the overlying water was estimated to be 69.26 and 29.9 tonnes (Mg) yr^-1 respectively, which represents a significant portion of the total nutrient load to the Lake. Results demonstrate that the internal flux of nutrients from sediments can contribute a significant portion of the total nutrient load to the water column and should be considered in decisions on impact of nutrient in diverted Mississippi River on water quality of Barataria Basin.     

消化/剩余污泥水分扩散通量的研究

在传递理论的基础上,研究了干燥温度、污泥厚度及其种类3个主要因素对污泥水分扩散的影响,干燥温度设为30℃、40℃和50℃,污泥厚度设为1.3 cm、2.6 cm和3.9 cm,分别考察了消化和剩余两种污泥的干燥性能。利用实验数据获得两种污泥的有效质扩散系数,采用因次分析法建立了它们的水分扩散通量的准则关系式,通过实验研究两种污泥的水分扩散通量随干基含湿量的变化规律,并获得了两种污泥的水分扩散通量的经验公式。实验结果显示3.9 cm厚的消化污泥在40℃条件下的干燥效果最好。