高效藻类塘氮磷去除机理的研究进展

首先介绍了高效藻类塘的发展历史和特点,其次简述了高效藻类塘的生物特性和物理化学变化规律,并重点论述了高效藻类塘的氮磷去除机理及其影响因素,最后对高效藻类塘在控制非点源污染中的应用前景进行展望.     

A Simple Field Method to Determine Mercury Volatilization from Soils (3 pp)

Background Estimations of gaseous mercury volatilization from soils are often complex, stationary and expensive. Our objective was to develop a mobile and more simple, easy to handle and more cost-effective field method allowing rapid estimates of potential Hg emissions from soils. Methods. The study site is located in Germany, about 100 kilometers south-westerly of Berlin and influenced by the river Elbe and its tributary Saale river. The site is representative for a lot of other floodplain locations at the river Elbe and highly polluted with Hg and other heavy metals. For our study we developed a system consisting of a glass chamber gas, two gold traps, a battery operated pump and a gas meter. Adsorbed total gaseous mercury (TGM) in the gold traps was determined by use of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Results and Discussion. In contrast to the common used flux chambers we designed a chamber without inlet and named it gas suck up chamber (GSC). TGM fluxes determined with the GSC showed a very close linear correlation (r = 0.993) between the TGM content in the gold traps and the corresponding pumped gas volume. The TGM adsorbed, increased proportional with increasing gas volume indicating homogenous concentrations of gaseous mercury in the soil air sucked. In contrast to the commonly used dynamic flux chamber with the aim of precisely measuring actual fluxes of Hg from a defined soil area, we focused on developing of a measurement system which will allow rapid estimates of potential Hg emissions of a site. Earlier research at the study site indicated a high potential for releasing volatile Hg from the soil to the atmosphere. Indeed, due to the high Hg content of the soil significant amounts of TGM could be detected and no shortage was reached. Conclusion. Our initial measurements are still too few in number neither to generalize the achieved results nor discuss controlling factors and processes. However, we are pleased to communicate that the developed GSC is well suited to become an effective sampling set up to rapidly estimate the magnitude of Hg volatilization from soils. Outlook. Further measurements at other polluted locations are necessary to verify the GSC method. In addition the use of a mercury analyzer instead of gold traps is planned for faster risk assessments.     

Verification of Wind-Driven Volatilization Models

Mass-transfer processes of paramount importance, such as reaeration and volatilization, occur at the air–water interface. Particularly, volatilization is intensively studied because it can be a relevant removal process for toxic contaminants from flowing and standing surface waters. The paper provides a comparison among predictive equations available from literature for standing waters for the case of MTBE contamination. Most of the considered equations tend to overestimate the volatilization rate, while three equations offer a good fit with the observed data. Finally, these equations are applied to a larger amount of field data.     

鼎湖山针阔叶混交林地表CH4通量

用静态箱-气相色谱法对鼎湖山针阔叶混交林的地表CH4通量进行了为期一年的原位观测和研究.结果表明,该林型土壤总体为大气CH4的吸收汇,通量年变化范围60～-120 μg·m-2·h-1,在雨季向旱季过渡的9、10月份,土壤对CH4的吸收较为强烈,而在冬季的1月份,吸收通量最小;凋落物层对该林型地表CH4的吸收没有明显的阻隔作用;多元回归分析发现CH4通量与地下5 cm温度显著相关,尤其是在土壤湿度变化不大的旱季,土壤表层温度为影响CH4通量的主导因子.     

黄海溶解无机氮及颗粒有机氮收支与转化模型

为了解黄海氮营养盐的循环规律与收支情况,利用一个高分辨率物理-生物地球化学耦合模型（ECSECOM）,模拟了黄海溶解无机氮（DIN）、颗粒有机氮（PON）的循环收支情况,分析了各源汇项的空间分布特征及季节变化规律及不同形态之间转化规律.结果表明：黄海DIN浓度在春、夏季较低,秋、冬季恢复至高水平.PON浓度在冬、春季较低,在夏、秋季有升高的趋势.浮游植物光合作用和呼吸作用是DIN最主要的汇和源,初级生产消耗的DIN中29.47%由水体内碎屑物质矿化分解提供,外源输入的DIN占总浮游植物生长需求的14.60%.浮游植物死亡是PON最大的源,沉积物为PON的净汇.大气氮沉降对黄海的影响范围全面,底沉积物释放和河流输入的DIN对黄海的影响是局地的.从PON与DIN之间的循环转化来看,PON中有48.50%转化为DIN,其余大部分都沉积到海底界面,而DIN向PON的转化率为38.85%.     

东海海水和大气中挥发性卤代烃的分布

运用吹扫-捕集气相色谱法于2016年6月对东海海水和大气中5种短寿命挥发性卤代烃的浓度含量、分布来源特征及海-气通量进行了研究.结果表明,表层海水中CH₃I、CH₂Br₂、CHBrCl₂、CHBr₂Cl和CHBr₃浓度平均值及范围分别为8.93（0.39~23.49） pmol/L、15.02（4.77~32.75） pmol/L、0.97（0.30~2.16） pmol/L、9.35（6.8~18.46） pmol/L和12.24（2.60~50.04） pmol/L.受陆源输入、水团和生物活动释放的影响,表层海水中CH₃I、CH₂Br₂和CHBrCl₂的浓度分布呈现近岸高远海低的趋势,CHBr₂Cl和CHBr₃浓度呈现点状分布.相关性分析发现CHBr₃和Chl-a存在显著相关性,推断浮游植物生物量可能影响CHBr₃的浓度分布.大气中CH₃I、CH₂Br₂、CHBrCl₂、CHBr₂Cl和CHBr₃浓度平均值及范围分别为3.52×10^-12（1.72×10^-12~10.00×10^-12）、3.82×10^-12（0.20×10^-12~34.95×10^-12）、1.40×10^-12（0.46×10^-12~6.18×10^-12）、1.55×10^-12（0.16×10^-12~4.66×10^-12）和6.63×10^-12（2.20×10^-12~11.61×10^-12）.受陆源气团输送、生物生产和气象条件的共同影响,春季大气中5种短寿命挥发性卤代烃浓度分布较为复杂.海-气通量的估算结果表明春季东海是大气中CH₃I、CH₂Br₂、CHBrCl₂、CHBr₂Cl和CHBr₃的源.     

热扩散管的设计与性能测试

为研究挥发性组分对气溶胶特性的影响,设计加工了一种热扩散管（Thermal Denuder,以下简称TD）,由解析管和吸附管组成,调节温度范围为50~350℃;与文献中已有设计相比,本设计改进了测量TD管内部温度的位置,使得测温、控温更加准确;采用两段加热的方式使得温度分布更为稳定,延长有效停留时间.TD管性能测试表明：TD管内温度分布较均匀,可有效去除挥发性组分;当颗粒物的粒径大于60 nm时,颗粒物在不同温度的TD管内的传输效率变化很小,可近似看作是一个常数.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌生物有机肥防控土壤氨挥发

为了验证解淀粉芽孢杆菌生物有机肥防控农田土壤氨挥发的效果,并了解其微生物生态学机制,通过温室蔬菜大棚盆栽生菜的方式,探究在施用解淀粉芽孢杆菌生物有机肥（BB）与化肥的条件下,土壤氨挥发量、作物品质及产量、土壤微生物的变化.设置4组盆栽试验,依次为不施肥对照（CK）、100%化肥处理（C）、50% BB+50%化肥处理（B1）和100% BB处理（B2）,3组处理的施氮量相同.采用动态箱法对施肥后土壤氨挥发通量进行测定.基于16S rDNA高通量测序分析,对土壤氨挥发峰值期间的细菌群落进行分析.结果发现,与C组相比,B1和B2组的氨挥发总量分别降低79.5%和84.8%;B2组生菜硝酸盐含量最低、产量最高,相对于CK和C组分别增产50.5%和12.3%;B1组生菜的维生素C含量最高,为67.6mg ·kg^-1;施用BB提高了土壤细菌群落的多样性及丰富度,特别是芽孢杆菌、硝化螺菌属相对丰度明显提升;显示出施用BB对防治空气污染和提高氮素利用率具有重要作用.     

陆面模式Noah-MP模拟地表热通量的物理过程不确定性分析

陆面过程中的热量交换对于确定生态系统中的水文循环、边界层发展、天气和气候至关重要,然而目前陆面模式Noah-MP对地表热通量模拟的偏差在-180~180 W·m^-2之间,为明确模拟不确定性来源,本研究基于FLUXNET全球热通量观测数据,在5种气候类型、9类下垫面系统定量评估了Noah-MP感热和潜热通量模拟的不确定性.结果表明：Noah-MP在不同类型下对感热和潜热通量模拟的平均误差主要分布在-80~10 W·m^-2和-30~10 W·m^-2之间,模型在气候类型为热带和干旱气候以及下垫面类型为草地、针叶林、落叶阔叶林的模拟误差最大.研究发现植被过程是热通量模拟不确定性的主要来源,其次是水文过程和土壤过程;其中动态植被模型（DVEG）是植被过程模拟的主导因子,其次是湍流输送过程（SFC）、冠层气孔阻抗（CRS）和冠层辐射传输（RAD）.