Characteristics of an Ozone Deposition Module

An ozone deposition module is being developed to allow the estimation of stomatal fluxes of ozone into a number of vegetation types. This model is designed to be linked into a regional chemical-transport model for use within the European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP), to provide information on possible risks to vegetation across Europe. This paper investigates some characteristics of this deposition module, for sites in very different climate zones. The model results suggest that both stomatal and non-stomatal fluxes are comparable in magnitude.     

Net ecosystem CO2 exchange over a larch forest in Hokkaido, Japan

Larch forests are distributed extensively in the east Eurasian continent and are expected to play a significant role in the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycling process. In view of the fact that studies on carbon exchange for this important biome have been very limited, we have initiated a long-term flux observation in a larch forest ecosystem in Hokkaido in northern Japan since 2000. The net ecosystem CO₂ exchange (NEE) showed large seasonal and diurnal variation. Generally, the larch forest ecosystem released CO₂ in nighttime and assimilated CO₂ in daytime during the growing season from May to October. The ecosystem started to become a net carbon sink in May, reaching a maximum carbon uptake as high as 186 g C m⁻² month⁻¹ in June. With the yellowing, senescing and leaf fall, the ecosystem turned into a carbon source in November. During the non-growing season, the larch forest ecosystem became a net source of CO₂, releasing an average of 16.7 g C m⁻² month⁻¹. Overall, the ecosystem sequestered 141–240 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹ in 2001. The NEE was significantly influenced by environmental factors. Respiration of the ecosystem, for example, was exponentially dependent on air temperature, while photosynthesis was related to the incident PAR in a manner consistent with the Michaelis–Menten model. Although the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) was scarcely higher than 15 hPa, the CO₂ uptake rate was also depressed when VPD surpassed 10 hPa.     

高效藻类塘氮磷去除机理的研究进展

首先介绍了高效藻类塘的发展历史和特点，其次简述了高效藻类塘的生物特性和物理化学变化规律，并重点论述了高效藻类塘的氮磷去除机理及其影响因素，最后对高效藻类塘在控制非点源污染中的应用前景进行展望。     

Methane emission characteristics and its relations with plant and soil parameters under irrigated rice ecosystem of northeast India

Methane flux from rice varieties grown under two identical soils of Assam were monitored. In the first experiment, variety Jaya and GRT was grown in sandy loam soil of Lower Brahmaputra Valley Zone of Assam and the second experiment was conducted with variety Jyotiprasad and Bishnuprasad in sandy to sandy loam soils of Upper Brahmaputra Valley Zones of Assam. Methane flux recorded from variety Jyotiprasad and GRT was higher compared to variety Bishnuprasad and Jaya. The seasonal integrated flux recorded was 10.76 g m⁻², 9.98 g m⁻², 9.74 g m⁻² and 11.31 g m⁻² for variety GRT, Jaya, Bishnuprasad and Jyotiprasad, respectively. All the varieties exhibited two methane peaks one at maximum tillering stage and other at panicle initiation stage of the crop. Crop growth parameters such as leaf number, number of tillers and leaf area index (LAI) showed strong positive relationship with total methane flux. In both the experiments it was calculated that CH₄ emission was substantially influenced by crop phenology and growth. This study emphasise the relationship of different growth parameters with methane emission.     

鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地植物根系对水分垂向通量的影响

为了定量揭示湿地植物根系的水文效应,采用全物理机制的土壤水分运移数值模型,以鄱阳湖吴城湿地国家自然保护区的茵陈篙群落为例,模拟分析根系引起的水文效应.结果表明,根系将增加土壤饱和含水量与土壤进气值,显著改变土壤水分特征曲线（SWRC）与土壤蓄水能力;在考虑根系影响SWRC下模拟率定的土壤含水量与观测数据的时空变化一致：模型10和50cm观测值与拟合值相关系数由不考虑根系效应下的0.83提高至0.85,10和50cm深度土壤含水量的实测值与模拟值的均方根误差分别减少61%和83%.同时这种率定方法下的模拟相比以往的研究地下水补给根系层水量提高34%;考虑典型的根系效应蒸散发量和累积地下水边界向上通量分别增加10%和150%.而在气候极端干旱条件下地下水向上补给量在根系效应下增加7%~56%,累计差异可达38~312cm,同时蒸散发量增加13%.在植被生长旺季时若地下水埋深较深,则根系效应对蒸散发量的影响会放大.因此在进行相关的湿地生态水文过程和湿地水与物质平衡研究中,建议充分评估湿地植物根系的水文效应,并视计算的工况条件,考虑其水文效应在整个水文过程中的影响.     

奎河河水入渗对河岸带地下水氨氮和硝酸盐氮浓度的影响

为研究不同水文期河水与河岸带地下水的水量补给关系,以及河水中的氮污染物对河岸带近岸地下水水质的影响,选取了安徽省宿州市杨庄乡的奎河断面作为研究对象,基于氢氧同位素示踪技术、末端元混合模型、Pearson相关性分析和多元线性回归方法,分析河水、上游潜水等补给源对近岸含水层的ρ（NH₄+-N）和ρ（NO₃--N）的影响,并构建河岸带地下水氮浓度预测模型.结果表明:①平水期至丰水期期间河水与地下水的补给来源主要为大气降水,河水始终补给河岸带地下水,其中,河水对潜水层及弱承压层的补给率分别为10.87%~49.74%和0~19.78%.②空间分布上,ρ（NH₄+-N）和ρ（NO₃--N）均表现为河水>近岸潜水>近岸弱承压水,且在地下水中均呈现由河流向两岸递减的关系.③近岸潜水层与弱承压层的ρ（NH₄+-N）均随着河水和上游潜水ρ（NH₄+-N）贡献量的增加而升高,近岸潜水层的ρ（NO₃--N）随着河水和上游潜水ρ（NH₄+-N）贡献量的增加而升高.④相比于ρ（NO₃--N）,多元线性回归模型更能准确地预测近岸潜水层与弱承压层ρ（NH₄+-N）在ORP、ρ（DO）、河水ρ（NH₄+-N）贡献量,以及上游潜水ρ（NH₄+-N）和ρ（NO₃--N）贡献量综合影响下的变化趋势.研究显示,河水与上游潜水的线性混合是造成河岸带地下水氮污染的重要途径,河流氮污染防治措施将为河岸带地下水水质提供重要保障.      

城镇河流CO2及CH4排放与市政排水管网污水输入的关联影响

城镇污染河流日益剧增的碳排放是当前我国许多城市共同面临的环境问题.本研究以上海市市郊城镇河网R1与中心城区河流R2为研究对象,监测了其在旱天与雨天条件下的CO_2及CH_4排放特征,分析了城镇河流污染程度及类型与碳排放的关联影响,并同时解释了市政排水管网污水输入影响城镇河流CO_2及CH_4排放的机制过程.结果表明:①旱天时,中心城区河流的CO_2与CH_4平均排放通量为(2.48±1.02)mmol·(m~2·h)~(-1)与(1.21×10~(-2)±0.71×10~(-2)) mmol·(m~2·h)~(-1),市郊城镇河网的CO_2与CH_4的平均排放通量则为(1.53±0.39)mmol·(m~2·h)~(-1)与(9.26×10~(-3)±9.18×10~(-3)) mmol·(m~2·h)~(-1).雨天时,受市政排水管网污水影响,中心城区河流泵站下游的水体的CH_4通量大幅增加,可达旱天时的119倍;②本研究与全球其他河流碳排放统计数据进一步表明,城镇河流碳排放与本身污染水平存在关联性,总体上污染程度高的河流碳排放强度也高;③从PCA相关性分析结果来看,河流有机污染是影响碳排放的重要因素,这在中心城区河流与市郊城镇河网中都有体现;河流碳排放与氮污染的相关性随区域下垫面利用类型不同而有所不同;在污染较轻的城镇河流中,水体物理因子也是一个重要的影响因素;④排水管网污水输入对城镇河流碳排放的影响,体现在短期内向河流中输入的大量CH_4,以及长期上强化受纳河流碳物质赋存及循环,并进一步提高河流本身的CO_2与CH_4排放潜势.     

长江经济带氮淋溶流失空间格局及其水环境影响评估

氮淋溶流失是地表和地下水环境退化的重要驱动过程.由于氮素迁移转化过程复杂,量化氮淋溶流失及其水环境影响是区域营养盐管理的重点和难点.本研究从天然和人为输入角度构建了陆域氮淋溶流失模型,核算了2011—2015年长江经济带地级市单元的氮淋溶流失量,并基于灰水足迹和水资源量评估了氮淋溶流失的水环境影响.结果表明:①长江经济带的氮年均输入强度为8465 kg·km~(-2),以人为输入源为主,占总氮输入的89.9%;②研究区总氮输入的19.4%被淋溶流失到水环境中,平均淋溶流失强度为1656 kg·km~(-2);非点源是长江经济带的最大来源,淋溶流失系数平均值为0.143;③基于实测氮通量的反演结果与氮淋溶流失核算量存在显著的线性相关关系,表明基于氮输入核算的氮流失量能够反映氮淋溶流失空间分布规律;④长江经济带的氮淋溶流失导致的灰水足迹已经超过地区水资源总量,地级市单元的氮污染指数最高达到29.2,氮的水环境超载问题十分严重.     

基于氨挥发因子方法的中国农田氨排放量估算

农田是氨的主要排放源,估算农田的氨挥发量可以明确其潜在的生态环境风险,为制定农田氨减排策略提供科学依据.通过文献收集,建立了包含867对观测值的中国农田氨挥发数据库,然后以氮肥施用量为自变量,氮肥施用引起的氨排放量为因变量,计算得到体现农业区、作物类型、肥料类型、土壤pH差异的氨挥发因子,采用独立样本进行验证,发现计算得到的氨挥发因子可以无偏地、较为准确地估算中国农田的氨挥发.不同区域、作物和管理措施下的氨挥发因子有显著差异,整体上,由于南方地区年均温和年降雨量均高于北方,导致南方的氨挥发因子高于北方,而碱性土壤的氨挥发因子高于中性和酸性土壤;与单施化肥相比,多数情况下施用有机肥可降低氨挥发因子,使用缓释控释肥或抑制剂可显著降低氨挥发因子;以单施化肥为例,水稻种植的氨挥发因子为9.9%~37.0%,高于蔬菜（2.2%~13.0%）和其他作物（3.3%~8.0%）.2015年中国农田由无机氮肥使用引起的氨排放总量为3.21 Tg,95%置信区间为2.92~3.46 Tg,其中,粮食作物和蔬菜占比最高,分别为66%和20%,豆科作物占比最低（0.8%）.由于气候、土壤、作物类型的差异,氨挥发呈现明显的空间异质性,长江中下游区排放量最高,而青藏区排放量最低.