澜沧江流域沉积物间隙水-上覆水营养盐特征与交换通量分析

为分析澜沧江梯级水库建设对澜沧江流域沉积物-水界面交换过程的影响,于2016年2~3月对澜沧江云南段间隙水-上覆水氮、磷营养盐进行了调查与分析.结果表明,澜沧江自然河道沉积物间隙水总氮(TN)均值为15.254 mg·L~(-1),显著高于水库均值6.577 mg·L~(-1);但其总磷(TP)均值为0.654 mg·L~(-1),低于水库区域的1.432 mg·L~(-1).澜沧江流域沉积物间隙水氮、磷浓度均高于上覆水浓度,上覆水-间隙水垂向TN浓度在表层沉积物处达到最大值,且自然河道总溶解氮(DTN)扩散通量均值为2.117 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),高于水库的均值0.785 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1);但其总溶解磷(DTP)扩散通量为0.044 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),低于水库的均值0.053 mg·(m~2·d)~(-1),上覆水氮盐主要来源于沉积物间隙水.澜沧江梯级水库建设导致的沉积物组成差异与水体扰动差异是间隙水-上覆水界面交换差异的主要原因.     

五里峡水库初级生产力对水气界面二氧化碳和甲烷排放速率时空变化的影响

近年来水库温室气体备受关注,为揭示水库水气界面CO_2和CH_4在时间和空间上的变化特征,于2016年7~12月采用静态箱法在五里峡水库对其CO_2和CH_4排放速率进行4次监测,并测试微型光合生物初级生产力等.结果表明,五里峡水库夏季为大气CO_2的汇,变化范围在-30.14~-3.47 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),秋、冬季均为大气CO_2的源,变化范围在15.57~115.06 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1).甲烷排放速率在夏季变化幅度明显,变化范围在0.08~1.03 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),而在秋、冬季变化稳定,变化范围在-0.07~0.43 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1).受水库周期性蓄水和排水影响,CO_2和CH_4排放速率在空间上表现为水库消落带和坝尾较低而库区较高的分布格局.此外,CO_2和CH_4排放速率时空变化与微型光合生物初级生产力分别呈显著负相关和正相关(r为-0.477和0.771).这是因为产甲烷菌能够将夏季微型光合生物固定的有机碳转化成CH_4释放到大气中,从而使微型光合生物对水圈CO_2和CH_4循环产生负反馈效应和正反馈效应.因此,本研究结果为进一步评估微型生物对岩溶水体碳循环的贡献提供了理论依据.     

白洋淀沉积物氨氮释放通量研究

白洋淀沼泽化趋势不断加重,本文分析了沉积物氨氮释放风险与水质效应,评估沉积物中氨氮交换通量对上覆水体水质产生的重要影响.结果表明:白洋淀淀区表层水氨氮(NH_4~+-N)平均浓度在0.0~0.49 mg·L~(-1)之间,硝氮(NO_3~--N)平均浓度维持在0.09~0.20 mg·L~(-1),总氮(TN)浓度范围为1.40~4.52 mg·L~(-1),淀区水质在V类水平和劣V类水平.沉积物NH_4~+-N的平均含量在61.1~160.6 mg·kg~(-1),NO_3~--N含量整体平均值较低,范围在4.3~9.0 mg·kg~(-1),TN含量平均值在1555~4400 mg·kg~(-1)之间.整个白洋淀淀区表层沉积物孔隙水中NH_4~+-N浓度明显高于上覆水浓度,NH_4~+-N存在从沉积物向上覆水释放的风险.淀区沉积物-水界面潜在NH_4~+-N扩散通量范围为-9.3~38.3 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1),NH_4~+-N潜在内源释放风险非常高.烧车淀区、南刘庄区、圈头区的潜在NH_4~+-N平均释放通量达到10.0 mg·m~(-2)·d~(-1)以上.为了避免白洋淀沼泽化过程加快,水质氮污染需要采取相应措施进行有效控制,而控制沉积物NH_4~+-N的内源释放是其中的关键环节.     

北港河流域水质特征及主要污染物通量估算研究

通过对北港河进行水文水质同步监测,采用多元统计法对26个采样点位10个监测指标进行分析,识别出流域水环境污染特征及主要影响因素,并进一步估算了主要污染物的通量,以期为有限资料条件下的河流污染治理提供依据.结果表明:北港河水系污染严重,主要污染物为氮、磷及有机污染物;表征生活污水、面源污染与畜禽养殖废水对水质影响的主成分的贡献率为47.95%,表征工业污染的主成分的贡献率为12.50%;重污染企业数、人口密度、建设用地占比与流域氮、耗氧有机物具有显著正相关性,表明重污染企业数、人口密度与建成区分布是影响水质的最重要指标;按污染轻重,可将流域划分为3类分区:上游轻污染区、谷饶溪及东寮坑重污染区、其他区域则为中度污染区.污染物通量变化趋势分析显示,COD_(Cr)、NH_4~+-N通量变化趋势基本与流量变化趋势一致,而TP通量则受上游点源排放影响出现一定差异性.通量变化趋势主要受水闸调度影响呈现开闸大幅度上升、闭闸大幅度下降的规律,在闭闸初期则受练江干流高水位顶托作用影响,流量及污染物通量为负值,练江干流水倒灌入北港河;此外,监测期间COD_(Cr)、NH_4~+-N最高日污染通量出现在第2次开闸期间,分别为39.23、4.98 t·d~(-1),TP最高日污染通量则出现在第1次开闸期间,为547.36 kg·d~(-1).污染通量贡献率分析表明,干流水质主要受谷饶溪及东寮坑影响,其中,谷饶溪COD_(Cr)、NH_4~+-N、TP污染贡献率分别达到了64%、47%、22%,东寮坑COD_(Cr)、NH_4~+-N、TP的贡献率则分别为26%、28%、25%,建议加强对该汇水区内生活污水、工业废水等点源污染控制.     

南京冬季一次重霾污染事件PM2.5区域传输收支分析

利用WRF-Chem模式对2015年12月21—23日南京一次重霾污染过程进行模拟.基于合理的模拟评估,采用大气传输通量计算法,着重分析了此次霾污染过程中模拟的南京地区PM_(2.5)的传输收支特征,以及周边地区大气污染物传输对南京市PM_(2.5)变化的贡献.结果表明,此次霾污染过程中,本地源与外来源区域传输共同影响着南京市的空气质量.PM_(2.5)的跨区域传输是此次重霾污染发生和消亡的重要因素.在霾污染事件的形成维持阶段,南京地区是作为周边地区PM_(2.5)的接收区,大气污染物主要由南京的西边界输入,大气污染物的外源输入是南京PM_(2.5)污染的主要贡献来源,占南京PM_(2.5)污染的84%.在霾污染事件的消亡阶段,南京地区则是作为周边地区PM_(2.5)的源,大气污染物主要由南京的东边界持续向外输出.     

室内颗粒物的稳态置换流净化机制

对室内颗粒物输运扩散进行了机理上的探讨.用时间空间尺度分析方法,把颗粒物通量分解为宏观平均运动δ尺度的平移滑移,湍流运动的η微尺度的湍流扩散,以及分子运动λ尺度的布朗运动4部分,得到颗粒物通量的系综平均表达式及模式计算表达式,并以此分析总结出提高室内颗粒物净化效率的方法,即低流速及低湍流度梯度.采用数值计算比较了稳态置换流与常规点状上进风上排风形成流场的区别,通过现场实测比较了不同方式安装稳态置换流装置的2个房间的颗粒物数浓度随时间变化,提出并应用剂量加权净化效率对净化效果进行了比较.结果表明,稳态置换流的维持弱正压、线状斜对边进排气口布局、低流速及低湍流度等做法能有效提高净化效率并降低能耗.     

膜生物反应器处理不同浓度生活污水的研究

通过对毛细管膜在不同浓度的污泥条件下 ,处理生活污水时膜污染情况的研究 ,考察了膜组件水通量随污泥浓度而变化的情况。结果表明 ,在操作压力为 0 .0 2 5MPa、膜面流速为 0 .8m s和温度为 30℃的条件下 ,污泥浓度增大 ,膜水通量随之下降 ,并与污泥浓度呈对数关系。同时 ,表明导致膜污染水通量下降的主要原因为泥饼阻力     

Atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in urban and suburban areas of Korea

Bulk atmospheric samples (wet and dry) were collected monthly throughout a year at urban and suburban areas of Korea to assess the deposition flux and seasonal variations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs). The PCDDs/DFs deposition fluxes ranged from 1.0 to 3.7 ng TEQ/m²/year in the urban area and from 0.5 to 4.6 ng TEQ/m²/year in the suburban area. The deposition fluxes of PCDDs/DFs in this study were comparable to or lower than those previously reported at different locations. The atmospheric deposition fluxes of particles and PCDDs/DFs in winter tended to be higher than those in summer. However, monthly variations between particle and PCDDs/DFs deposition fluxes were small, and the correlation coefficients between the deposition fluxes of air particles and each homologue group of PCDDs/DFs varied according to the degree of chlorination of the homologue group. The deposition velocity of PCDDs/DFs in the urban area was estimated at 0.04 cm/s, which is a lower value than those found in other studies. The two most likely factors affecting the monthly variation of deposition fluxes are the ambient temperature and the amount of precipitation. In particular, the ambient temperature had an influence on the lower chlorinated homologues of PCDDs/DFs while precipitation had an influence on the higher chlorinated PCDDs/DFs. The PCDDs/DFs profiles in atmospheric deposition bulk samples showed a similar pattern at the urban and suburban sites. The possibility of the loading of PCDDs/DFs by Asian dust events could be partly confirmed by investigation of homologue profiles.     

Volatilization and Biodegradation of VOCs in Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)

Volatilization and biodegradation are major competitive volatile organic compound (VOC) removal mechanisms in biological wastewater treatment process, which depend on compound specific properties and system design/operational parameters. In this study, a mathematical model was used to determine major removal pathways at various organic loading rates (OLR), solids residence time (SRT) and dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in a biological process for vinyl acetate. Model results showed that biological treatment process should be designed with long SRT, high OLR and low DO concentrations to maximize biodegradation and minimize volatilization of VOCs. Unless a VOC is toxic to microorganisms under the given conditions, low VOC emission rates are an inherent advantage of MBRs, which operate at higher OLR and longer SRT compared to conventional activated sludge process. A lab scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) was operated at varying OLR to investigate the relative volatilization and biodegradation rates for acetaldehyde, butyraldehyde and vinyl acetate. Synthetic wastewater containing three VOCs was introduced to the MBR. The DO concentration and SRT was maintained at 2.0 mg L^{− 1} and 100 days, respectively. The overall VOC removal rate was more than 99.7% for three VOCs at all the OLR. For vinyl acetate, the biodegradation rate increased from 93.87 to 99.40% and the volatilization removal rate decreased from 6.09 to 0.59% as OLR was increased from 1.1 to 2.0 kg COD m^{− 3} d^{− 1}. It was confirmed that a MBR can be a promising solution to reduce VOC emissions from wastewater.     

南京近地层单点气象要素与大气细菌浓度分布规律调查研究

为了分析南京某地的气象要素和当地大气细菌浓度的分布及变化规律，探讨二之间的关系，本利用气象观测仪器和大气细菌采样仪器进行现场观测与测量，在大量气象观测数据和大气细菌采样结果基础上，分析了他们的变化规律。总体来看，南京大气细菌浓度不高，1天内气象要素及细菌浓度均呈周期变化，且二有一定的相关性。