Exploring the relationship between residential segregation and thermal inequity in 20 U.S. cities

A combination of the urban heat island effect and a rising temperature baseline resulting from global climate change inequitably impacts socially vulnerable populations residing in urban areas. This article examines racial/ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in the spatial distribution of exposure to urban heat in the context of climate justice and residential segregation in the U.S. An urban heat risk index (UHRI) is calculated from measures of land surface temperature, structural density, and vegetation abundance, acquired from summer 2010 remote sensing imagery. Twenty of the largest metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) in the U.S. are selected and analysed using census tract-level socio-demographic data from the U.S. Census. Multilevel modelling is utilised to examine the statistical associations between urban heat, minority status, socioeconomic disadvantage, and MSA-level segregation of racial/ethnic minority groups. Variables representing socioeconomic status (i.e. household income, home ownership, and education level) are consistently and significantly associated with greater urban heat exposure. Minority status and measures of segregation have a significant but varied relationship with urban heat exposure, indicating that there are inconsistent associations with urban heat due to differing social geographies. Urban heat and social vulnerability present a varying landscape of thermal inequity in different metropolitan areas, associated in many cases with residential segregation.     

基于PSR模型的电网基础设施脆弱性评估方法研究

当前我国电力系统安全性评估主要是针对电力系统本身建模和故障分析计算,而对电网基础设施的脆弱性评估目前还没有公认的定义和统一标准。针对电网基础设施,在研究不同领域脆弱性概念的基础上,给出了电网基础设施脆弱性的定义,并在分析比较电网领域及城市基础设施领域脆弱性评估方法的基础上,提出了基于PSR模型的电网基础设施脆弱性评估方法及思路,以某500kV变电站为例,进行脆弱性评估方法的实例验证,通过模型分析计算得出脆弱性指数,并依据标准判定其脆弱性等级为较轻。该方法的研究可为电网基础设施脆弱性评估提供重要的理论基础,可有效指导电网基础设施脆弱性评估工作的开展。     

From disaster to development: a systematic review of community‐driven humanitarian logistics

A plethora of untapped resources exist within disaster‐affected communities that can be used to address relief and development concerns. A systematic review of the literature relating to community participation in humanitarian logistics activities revealed that communities are able to form ad hoc networks that have the ability to meet a wide range of disaster management needs. These structures, characterised as Collaborative Aid Networks (CANs), have demonstrated efficient logistical capabilities exclusive of humanitarian organisations. This study proposes that CANs, as a result of their unique characteristics, present alternatives to established humanitarian approaches to logistics, while also mitigating the challenges commonly faced by traditional humanitarian organisations. Furthermore, CANs offer a more holistic, long‐term approach to disaster management, owing to their impact on development through their involvement in humanitarian logistics. This research provides the foundation for further theoretical analysis of effective and efficient disaster management, and details opportunities for policy and practice.     

Spatial and temporal analysis of natural hazard mortality in Nepal

The impacts of natural hazards are typically measured in terms of loss of human lives and economic damage, and recent studies demonstrate that deaths attributed to natural hazards have increased. Using the publicly available DesInventar database, we examined spatial and temporal patterns of natural hazard mortality from 1971 to 2011 at the district and village levels of Nepal and identified natural hazards that contributed most to mortality. Spatial clusters of mortality at the district and village levels were detected using local and global spatial autocorrelation measures (Moran's I). Landslides (41.91%) and floods (32.52%) accounted for approximately three quarters of natural hazard mortalities over the study period. A Global Moran's I test positively confirmed clustering at both the district (0.199, p?p?相似文献   

From silence to resilience: prospects and limitations for incorporating non-expert knowledge into hazard management

Despite efforts to include residents in hazard management, their contributions are often undervalued because they are seen as passive recipients of intervention rather than active participants in the production of knowledge, particularly when they lack technical expertise. However, using multiple perspectives and experiences can improve hazard management strategies and create safer communities. This paper examines a Colombian landslide management program to highlight the prospects and limitations of incorporating non-expert knowledge into hazard management. The Guardianas de la Ladera (Guardians of the Slope) in Manizales, Colombia is a program in which female heads of household are hired to maintain landslide-prevention infrastructure and communicate landslide risk to the community. While the highly regarded program is perceived as having reduced the frequency of landslides and associated damages, the hierarchical institutional structure inhibits bottom-up communication, including information that could improve long-term vulnerability reduction. We argue that regardless of the location, scale, or specific hazard being addressed, incorporating non-expert knowledge into hazard management potentially illuminates sources of vulnerability not recognized by technical or development experts.     

人因脆弱性对安全注意力衰减的SEM研究

为深入研究人因脆弱性影响因素对安全注意力衰减的深层次作用关系,基于复杂系统脆弱性（CSV）理论,采用因子分析法对人因脆弱性进行主成分分析,提取8个人因脆弱性因子;然后,引入安全注意力配置作为中介变量,借助结构方程模型技术建立人因脆弱性对安全注意力衰减的SEM。结果表明:安全注意力配置与安全素质、安全意识、受教育程度、工作年限、安全知识、工作倦怠、安全心理等因子显著相关;安全注意力衰减与安全意识、安全自制力、工作倦怠、安全心理等因子显著相关;安全注意力配置与安全自制力的关系不显著;安全注意力衰减与安全素质、受教育程度、工作年限、安全知识的关系不显著。     

城市生态环境脆弱性的测度分区与调控

从生态敏感性和生态恢复力两个方面构建测度指标体系,应用GIS的空间分析技术定量测度城市生态环境脆弱性的大小并划分等级分区,进而得到不同的脆弱性调控类型区.以合肥市为例,在GIS平台上具体测度了其生态环境脆弱性的大小,并划分为低、较低、中、较高和高5种脆弱性分区,进而归纳为生态绿线、生态灰线和生态红线3种脆弱性调控类型区.其中,生态绿线调控区的规模最大,占研究区总面积的53.61%,这可以为合肥市提供充足的发展空间.最后给出了不同脆弱性调控类型区的发展建议,由此为城市生态环境的保护和建设提供科学的决策依据.     

基于SVM的CO2驱油藏输油管道脆弱性评价研究

CO2驱油在全国范围内的广泛开展导致内外扰动对输油管道的威胁大大增加,为指导企业发现输油管道的薄弱点从而预防事故发生,提出CO2驱油藏输油管道脆弱性概念及研究思路。将脆弱性分为5个等级并确定各级脆弱性的取值范围。深入分析脆弱性要素,从致灾因子、承灾体和灾害响应3个方面建立脆弱性评价指标体系,并确定各等级脆弱性对应的指标范围。利用MATLAB R2013a的SVM回归方法,构建脆弱性评价模型并进行实例应用。结果表明:模型训练的输出与期望输出拟合较好,均方误差为9.98052×10-7;训练好的SVM模型具有较强的泛化能力和较高的准确性,其对检验样本脆弱性进行预测的最大相对误差为0.027。利用模型得到研究区域某输油管道的脆弱性值为0.381,其脆弱性程度为不太脆弱。     

我国沿海城市海底地质灾害易损性评价

为了解我国沿海海底地质灾害易损性相对分布状况,在阐述海底地质灾害易损性含义和特征的基础上,设计包含15个指标的海底地质灾害易损性评价体系,借助层次分析法(AHP)确定指标权重,计算我国沿海53座地级以上城市的社会经济易损性。结果表明:我国沿海53座地级以上城市只有深圳市处于较高易损区;大连、上海、福州、宁波、广州、汕头、湛江等7座城市处于中等易损区,沧州、丹东、锦州、营口、盘锦、葫芦岛、杭州、绍兴、滨州、东莞、防城港、钦州、三亚等13座城市处于很小易损区,其余32座城市在较小易损性的范围内。为降低沿海城市海底地质灾害易损性,必须采取有效的防治措施。     

Links between food trade,climate change and food security in developed countries: A case study of Sweden

Food security is a global concern affecting even highly developed countries. Ongoing globalisation of food systems, characterised by trading interdependencies, means that agricultural production can be disrupted by climate change, affecting food availability. This study investigated Sweden’s food security by identifying major food import categories and associated trade partners (using the World Integrated Trade System database) and vulnerability to frictions in trade deriving from climate change. Vulnerability was assessed through three indicators: exposure based on diversity of sources, dominance and direct trade from supplying countries; sensitivity, assessed using the Climate Risk Index, and adaptive capacity, assessed using the Fragile State Index. The results revealed that Sweden’s grain imports may be most vulnerable, and animal products least vulnerable, to climate change. Management strategies based on this preliminary assessment can be developed by integrating climate vulnerability deriving from food trading into the ‘Gravity’ model, to improve prediction of trade flows.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01623-w.