新制备生物炭的特性表征及其对石油烃污染土壤的吸附效果

生物炭作为一种绿色环保的功能材料因其在污水处理和污染土壤修复方面具有显著效果而受到极大关注。采用红外光谱、元素分析仪及微孔分析对不同温度(200、300、400、500和600℃)条件下制备的木屑和麦秆生物炭进行特性表征,并采用制备的生物炭净化石油污染土壤,分别考察了污染物性质、生物质原料和热解温度对其净化效果的影响。结果表明,随着热解温度的增高,生物炭芳香化程度增加,极性降低,微孔结构逐渐发育,表面积增大。加入生物炭33 d后,污染土壤中总石油烃及其组分烷烃的浓度比对照略有降低,而PAHs浓度下降显著。随着热解温度升高,2种生物炭对PAHs的吸附强度均逐渐增大,芳香度增高、表面积增大是强吸附的主要原因。2种生物炭在400℃及以下温度制备时对PAHs的吸附强度为:木屑生物炭 > 麦秆生物炭;而400℃以上温度制备的生物炭吸附强度则相反,即麦秆生物炭 > 木屑生物炭,说明生物炭原料对其吸附强度也具有显著影响。     

取芯过程中煤芯温度分布特征模拟研究*

针对取芯过程瓦斯解吸受煤芯的温度影响不明,造成煤层瓦斯含量测不准的问题,开展对取芯过程煤芯温度分布特征研究。采用自主研制的取芯管自动测温装置在赵固二矿原生结构煤层（f=1.71）进行深度20 m的取芯试验,获得取芯管管壁温升变化规律,变化曲线分为4个阶段:缓慢上升、加速上升、减速上升、缓慢下降阶段;应用COMSOL建立含瓦斯煤传热模型,将管壁的温度变化设置为边界条件,模拟取芯过程煤芯与管壁之间的热交换。结果表明:在取芯时间30 min内,煤芯平均温度快速上升,之后上升速度趋于平稳;在煤芯内,相同时刻,等间距的轴向与径向距离,径向较轴向的温度梯度较大,径向传导快于轴向传导;取芯过程煤芯径向温度Ta与径向距离d、时间t满足指数函数关系。研究结果可为测定取芯过程煤芯的瓦斯损失量提供参考依据。     

预应力RC梁抗火性能试验研究与有限元分析

为了考察预应力钢绞线张拉控制应力和梁的持荷水平两个因素对无粘结预应力混凝土梁抗火性能的影响,基于 ISO834标准升温曲线,对4根无粘结预应力混凝土梁进行恒载升温试验,同时应用ANSYS有限元软件建立无粘结预应力混 凝土梁有限元模型,进行恒载升温过程的有限元数值模拟。结果表明:有限元计算结果与试验结果符合较好;预应力钢 绞线张拉控制应力越大,预应力损失速度越快,梁变形速率越快,耐火性能越差;梁上作用荷载水平越高,跨中挠度越 大,变形速率越快,耐火极限越小。     

含缺陷连续管冲蚀规律研究

针对内壁含缺陷的连续管冲蚀磨损严重、易失效的问题,基于冲蚀理论和液-固两相流,建立了含缺陷连续管内 壁冲蚀模型。利用Grant和Tabakoff模型求解砂砾冲蚀速率,借助实验数据验证了CFD数值模型。利用该模型研究了连续 管内壁周向均布缺陷数量及缺陷形状参数（深度、长度和宽度）对连续管内壁含缺陷时的冲蚀影响。研究表明:完整连 续管与含1个缺陷时对比,最大冲蚀率增加了4.5倍。对于深度或宽度较小的缺陷,冲蚀更为严重,缺陷会在冲蚀作用下 迅速加深或变宽,增速下降较快。含大长度缺陷连续管在压裂中会被加速损坏。     

高速列车运行中火灾状态结构安全分析

为了分析高速列车火灾时在紧急制动以后运行的安全性,选取列车在隧道内运行的场景,通过FDS软件模拟得到火灾后车体内温度场,基于一维热传导理论得到车体结构的温度场分布,在车体结构材料本构中考虑高温对强度及刚度的弱化影响,通过ABAQUS计算列车在最大压缩载荷和拉伸载荷作用下的应力分布和垂向位移。通过分析得到车体大面积温度在500℃左右;最大压缩载荷下车体底架前部构件出现断裂失效,底架中间出现裂纹,中间的垂向位移在42～80 mm之间,最大拉伸载荷下车体损伤略小,车体未出现断裂,底架前部和中间的垂向位移在40～50 mm范围内;底架中间高温是导致断裂失效的最主要原因,在隔热设计中需要对此重点考虑。     

生氧药剂对矿用化学氧自救器生氧温度的影响研究

自救器是矿山井下必须携带的个体防护装置。通过对不同生氧药剂的化学反应热分析、生氧温度的理论计算和实验测试,详细分析了NaO2和KO2药剂生氧温度的高低及变化,得出:在出现相对最高温度之前,NaO2的反应速度及生氧温度明显高于在同时段内KO2的反应速度及生氧温度;但出现相对最高温度之后,NaO2的反应速度及生氧温度迅速衰减,且其衰减速度较KO2的更快。等量KO2药剂较NaO2药剂的反应时间更长一些。建议矿用自救器优选KO2为生氧药剂。     

Effects of environmental temperature on the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries during charging process

Lithium-ion batteries with relatively narrow operating temperature range have provoked concerns regarding the safety of LIBs. In this work, a series of experiments were conducted to explore the thermal runaway (TR) behaviors of charging batteries in a high/low temperature test chamber. The effects of charging rates (0.5 C, 1 C, 2 C, and 3 C), and ambient temperature (2 °C, 32 °C and 56 °C) are comprehensively investigated.The results indicate that the cell exhibited greater thermal hazard at the high charging rate and ambient temperature conditions. As the charging rate increased from 0.5 C to 3 C, more lithium intercalated in the anode prompt the TR triggered in advance, the TR onset temperature decreased from 297.5 °C to 264.7 °C. In addition, the charging time decreased with the elevated ambient temperature, resulting in a relatively higher TR onset temperature and lower maximum temperature, and the average TR critical time declined by 115–143 s. Finally, the TR required less heat accumulation with increasing of charging rate and ambient temperature, and the heat generation of side reaction played a substantial role that accounted for approximately 54%∼63%. These results provide an insight into the charging cell thermal runaway behaviors in complex operation environments and deliver valuable guidance for improving the safety of cell operation.     

驾驶机舱LED灯光色温与人员警觉度关系仿真实验研究

为了探讨驾驶机舱内LED灯光色温与人员警觉度的联系,在A320模拟驾驶舱内设置2 500～2 700 K,3 000～3 200 K,6 000～6 500 K 3种不同色温的LED灯光环境,采用卡斯罗林嗜睡量表（KSS）、闪光融合临界频率仪（CFF）、视觉舒适度评分量表（VCS）,对5名被试人员在不同灯光环境的疲劳程度和视觉舒适度进行实时测量。针对测量结果,采用方差分析及描述性统计的数据分析方法,评价被试人员于不同灯光环境下的疲劳程度、视觉舒适度的差异性及变化情况。研究结果表明:高色温LED灯光环境下,人员的主观嗜睡感受及客观疲劳感受较低,且有着较低的疲劳感受增长率;高色温LED光源下人员的视觉舒适度也较高;增高LED灯光色温可一定程度上提升人员的警觉性。     

Limiting explosible concentration of hydrogen–oxygen–helium mixtures related to the practical operational case

This paper presents data on the limiting (minimum) concentrations of hydrogen in oxygen, in the presence of added helium, at elevated temperature and pressure related to the practical operational case. A 5 L explosion vessel, an ignition sub-system and a transient pressure measurement sub-system were used. Through a series of experiments carried out using this system, the limiting concentrations of hydrogen in oxygen and helium at different initial pressures and temperatures for the practical operational case were studied, and the influence of ignition energy and initial temperature on the limiting concentration of hydrogen in oxygen and helium was analyzed and discussed. The variation of ignition energy within the studied range is found to have a significant effect on the limiting concentration of hydrogen in oxygen and helium at lower initial temperature. However, when the ignition energy is higher than 32 mJ, the limiting hydrogen concentration remains almost changeless as the initial temperature increases from 21 °C to 90 °C. The limiting explosible concentration of hydrogen–oxygen–helium mixture decreases as the ignition energy increases when the initial temperature is lower. When the initial temperature is higher, the ignition energy has little effect on the limiting hydrogen concentration of hydrogen–oxygen–helium mixtures. When the initial temperature reaches 90 °C, the limiting hydrogen concentration remains almost changeless with an increase in ignition energy. The limiting explosible concentration of hydrogen in the mixtures, at the initial temperature of 21 °C and the ignition energy of 0.5 mJ, is 8.5% and that of oxygen is 11.25%.     

输油站库冬季消防稳高压系统的改进

介绍储运分公司北方输油站队,通过选用安全、防爆的数字显示温度控制器等技术手段,对储罐区消防给水管网裸露阀门及连接管段的防冻处理,实现冬季消防稳高压系统正常运行的施工工艺,并详细介绍了防爆数字显示温度控制器的工作原理及施工步骤。