药用蕈菌姬松茸液体培养的菌丝形态学特征

在液体分批培养体系中,研究了药用蕈菌姬松茸Agaricus blazei悬浮菌丝物的形态多样性及其生长特征.A.blazei菌丝物形态由初始的"分枝菌丝物"(Ⅰa与Ⅰb)演变成"絮簇菌丝物"(Ⅱa与Ⅱb),进而成为 "颗粒菌丝物"(Ⅲa与Ⅲb).对于以上空间构象,作者提出了"菌丝自由度"概念.它从菌丝物立体结构上,描述了菌丝物内菌丝处在不同疏松度微环境中的空间特征,可表示为F=V/M=∑Ni=1(ΔV)i/∑Ni=1(ρ*ΔV)i=N/(ρ1+……+ρN),培养试验中,分别比较了2 d、5 d与8 d的摇瓶种液菌龄,以及氮源辅助基质D1 为50 g L-1与100 g L-1时对悬浮菌丝物生长的影响;同时,还比较了ALR/ff反应器结构的特征参数 "回流区高度比值h/H" (内导流筒高度h与液面高度H之比)改变时A.blazei的生长情况.结果表明,絮状(Ⅱa、Ⅱb)菌丝物具有较高的生长能力,良好的生长过程与生长单元具有较高F值有关. 图9 参18     

A virtual test system representing the distribution of pedestrian impact configurations for future vehicle front-end optimization

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to define a computationally efficient virtual test system (VTS) to assess the aggressivity of vehicle front-end designs to pedestrians considering the distribution of pedestrian impact configurations for future vehicle front-end optimization. The VTS should represent real-world impact configurations in terms of the distribution of vehicle impact speeds, pedestrian walking speeds, pedestrian gait, and pedestrian height. The distribution of injuries as a function of body region, vehicle impact speed, and pedestrian size produced using this VTS should match the distribution of injuries observed in the accident data. The VTS should have the predictive ability to distinguish the aggressivity of different vehicle front-end designs to pedestrians.

Methods: The proposed VTS includes 2 parts: a simulation test sample (STS) and an injury weighting system (IWS). The STS was defined based on MADYMO multibody vehicle to pedestrian impact simulations accounting for the range of vehicle impact speeds, pedestrian heights, pedestrian gait, and walking speed to represent real world impact configurations using the Pedestrian Crash Data Study (PCDS) and anthropometric data. In total 1,300 impact configurations were accounted for in the STS. Three vehicle shapes were then tested using the STS. The IWS was developed to weight the predicted injuries in the STS using the estimated proportion of each impact configuration in the PCDS accident data. A weighted injury number (WIN) was defined as the resulting output of the VTS. The WIN is the weighted number of average Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 2+ injuries recorded per impact simulation in the STS. Then the predictive capability of the VTS was evaluated by comparing the distributions of AIS 2+ injuries to different pedestrian body regions and heights, as well as vehicle types and impact speeds, with that from the PCDS database. Further, a parametric analysis was performed with the VTS to assess the sensitivity of the injury predictions to changes in vehicle shape (type) and stiffness to establish the potential for using the VTS for future vehicle front-end optimization.

Results: An STS of 1,300 multibody simulations and an IWS based on the distribution of impact speed, pedestrian height, gait stance, and walking speed is broadly capable of predicting the distribution of pedestrian injuries observed in the PCDS database when the same vehicle type distribution as the accident data is employed. The sensitivity study shows significant variations in the WIN when either vehicle type or stiffness is altered.

Conclusions: Injury predictions derived from the VTS give a good representation of the distribution of injuries observed in the PCDS and distinguishing ability on the aggressivity of vehicle front-end designs to pedestrians. The VTS can be considered as an effective approach for assessing pedestrian safety performance of vehicle front-end designs at the generalized level. However, the absolute injury number is substantially underpredicted by the VTS, and this needs further development.     

区域大气环境容量及其区域配置研究

以重庆市涪陵区为例,在了解区域大气环境功能区划及区域大气环境质量现状的前提下,采用A-P值法,对涪陵区十三五期间大气环境容量进行研究,并对辖区内的污染负荷进行预测,在此基础上,对大气污染总量控制指标进行分配.研究结果表明,在涪陵区化工园区的二氧化硫排放量已达到或超过总量控制指标,需要制定削减计划,新兴工业园区污染物排放量虽远小于总量控制指标,但根据城市发展规划需进行结构优化与合理布局.     

基于生态位与约束CA的土地资源优化配置模型研究——以武汉市黄陂区为例

土地资源优化配置一直是土地科学的核心问题之一。传统的土地资源优化配置模型主要关注土地利用的经济属性而忽略土地利用行为的生态环境效应．已不适应可持续发展的要求；并且在优化内容上都是对土地资源数量结构的优化。忽视了土地资源空间布局优化．近几年很多学者通过与相关模型算法的集成形成的优化模型从一定程度上对数量结构优化模型进行了改造。实现了社会、生态、经济三效益的优化配置目标。但将土地资源数量结构优化与空间布局优化系统研究的模型却非常少见。本文运用生态位模型对土地资源数量结构进行优化进而将数量优化结果作为CA模拟的约束条件对空间布局进行优化．实现了土地资源数量结构优化与空间布局优化的统一。     

电动生物修复中电极矩阵的优化设计

对电动生物修复中单对电极间的电场分布进行了模拟,并以此定义了修复的有效作用区.通过旋转叠加的方式,求出了各种电极矩阵构型的有效作用区分布,最后筛选出2种优化的电极构型,并通过小型实验加以验证.理论优化和实验结果表明,“中”字形和六边形分别是不同旋转方式下最优的电极构型.采用这2种电极构型,可节省电极材料费,同时保持系统的稳定性和污染物去除的均匀性,因而具有良好应用前景.     

Analysis of rodent populations in technogenically transformed areas (with reference to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Apodemus</Emphasis> (<Emphasis Type="Italic">S.</Emphasis>) <Emphasis Type="Italic">uralensis</Emphasis> from the EURT zone)

It is shown that the response of rodent populations to acute and chronic irradiation depends on its functional structure, i.e., on specific features of animals with two alternative types of ontogenetic development. Upon acute irradiation, sexually immature young of the year (animals with the second type of ontogeny) are most radioresistant. Exposure to chronic irradiation, as in the zone of the Eastern Ural Radioactive Trace (EURT), leads to an increase in the proportion of mature young of the year (animals with the first type of ontogeny), which are the most radiosensitive part of the population. The abundance and fecundity of mice in the impact zone are consistently higher than in the background zone, which improves the adaptive potential of the population. The role of species ecological specialization and configuration of the contaminated zone in the formation of migrant rodent population is emphasized. It is concluded that a high migration activity allows the pigmy wood mouse (a radiosensitive species) to avoid long-term radiation exposure.     

武陵山片区农旅融合脱贫效率评价及组态因素分析

运用DEA和fsQCA方法测度了武陵山片区37个县(市、区)2015—2020年农旅融合脱贫效率,分析了影响该片区脱贫效率的多重因素及其组合效应。结果表明:①武陵山片区农旅融合脱贫效率总体处于中等水平,存在低效率状况和明显的地区差异。②农业发展水平和旅游发展水平对脱贫效率的影响最为显著,两者在高脱贫效率的组态中同时发挥核心作用,而在非高脱贫效率的组态中没有一次同时发挥核心作用。③交通建设水平和政府支持水平对脱贫效率的影响较为显著,而居民参与水平和资本投入水平未发挥核心作用。     

基于信息熵的城市用地结构动态演变分析

城市用地结构的演变实质上是土地类型发生发展的动态过程。基于信息熵的基本原理，在利用多样性指数、均衡度及优势度对我国一些市镇用地结构进行分析的基础上，对武汉市近10年的城市用地结构的动态演变进行了实例分析，总结出①武汉市的城市用地信息熵相对较高，且呈下降趋势，信息熵的动态演变反映了武汉市用地结构的变化情况，并进一步分析了用地结构的演变与产业结构调整的互动关系。②在用地结构的演变中，武汉市的工业用地和仓储用地所占比例居高不变、居住用地逐年增加是造成优势度增加的主要原因。②产业结构的调整必然导致城市用地结构熵值的变化，产业结构的日趋合理优化将使用地结构的熵值趋于升高、收敛以至稳定。④良好的城市用地结构，其土地的分异应处于有序和混沌之间，既有功能分区，又不绝对分异，每一分区用地结构虽趋于混合，但又能看出其主导职能。     

阴离子黏土(层状双氢氧化物)对鲱鱼精DNA在重金属作用下的保护作用研究

用X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、循环伏安法、紫外光谱法等方法,研究了在重金属Cd2+、Pb2+作用下,阴离子黏土(LDH)对鲱鱼精DNA的保护作用.实验表明,LDH层间距由0.76 nm增大到2.30 nm,DNA-LDH复合体上出现了DNA分子中骨架和碱基上的CO(1 534 cm-1和1 488 cm-1),C—O伸缩振动峰(1 228 cm-1),P—O对称伸缩振动(1 096 cm-1),说明DNA已通过离子交换插入LDH的层间.然而DNA分子并没有完全交换出LDH层中NO3-(DNA部分嵌入),未交换到层间的DNA分子通过吸附作用固定于LDH表面上.循环伏安曲线显示,DNA-LDH复合体中的DNA还原峰与原始DNA保持一致,两个还原峰出现在EP=-1.2 mV和EP=-2.4 mV位置,也没有产生阴极凹陷.这表明当DNA固定在LDH上时,Cd2+、Pb2+就不能插入DNA沟槽之中,与碱基或其它基团的发生缔合作用.研究结果表明,一方面,LDH吸附溶液中的Cd2+、Pb2+于外表面上从而固定Cd2+、Pb2+,另一方面,LDH层板为DNA提供了保护空间,阻止Cd2+、Pb2+进入层间域与DNA作用从而保护DNA分子.     

西藏地区不同湿地植物配置对污水的净化效果

以拉萨市林周县温室型多介质人工湿地示范工程为基础,对比分析了不同湿地植物配置系统(T1-T4)下芦苇、黑三棱和水葱3种水生植物的生长特性以及各湿地系统对COD、NH+4-N、TN和TP的去除效果,以期优化湿地植物配置,提高人工湿地系统的去污能力。结果表明,各植物覆盖系统(T1-T4)中湿地植物生长良好,且对污水中COD,NH+4-N,TN和TP等指标的去除效果均显著优于无植物覆盖系统(T5);其中水葱、黑三棱和芦苇的植物混合套种系统(T4)综合了植物根系分布的优势,延长了优势根区反应时间,综合去污效果及其稳定性最佳。