Effects of soil warming and nitrogen deposition on leaf and soil stoichiometric characteristics of Cunninghamia lanceolata saplings北大核心CSCD

Warming and nitrogen deposition directly or indirectly affect the plant-soil element cycle under global change. To examine the effects of warming and nitrogen deposition on leaf and soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) contents, and their stoichiometric ratios in Cunninghamia lanceolata saplings, four types of treatments were assigned: control (CT), warming (W, + 4 ºC), nitrogen deposition (N, 40 kg ha-1 a-1), and warming + nitrogen deposition (WN) treatments. The results showed that: (1) compared with CT, W treatment significantly decreased leaf P content by 54.54% and increased leaf C/P and N/P by 85.26% and 83.39%, respectively; WN treatment significantly decreased leaf C content and P content by 1.99% and 51.03%, respectively, but increased the leaf C/P by 68.01% with no significant differences in leaf N content among treatments. The leaf N/P ratio of each treatment was less than 10, but that of the W and WN treatments were closer to 10 than that of the CT treatment. Meanwhile, W and WN treatments significantly increased tree height. (2) No significant differences were observed in soil total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) contents among treatments. Compared with CT, W treatment significantly decreased soil C/N by 4.09%, while neither W nor WN treatment affected soil C/P and N/P. W treatment increased the available soil content compared to CT treatment. (3) The correlation analysis showed that leaf N content was significantly negatively correlated with soil C/N in the CT treatment; in the W treatment leaf N content and N/P were significantly positively correlated with soil TN and TP content, respectively. Leaf N content was significantly negatively correlated with soil TC and TN in the N treatment, and leaf contents had no significant correlation with soil C, N, and P contents or their stoichiometric characteristics in the WN treatment. This study showed that N limitation still exists in C. lanceolata saplings. Warming and the interaction between warming and nitrogen deposition could alleviate N limitation and promote the growth of C. lanceolata. © 2022 Authors. All rights reserved.     

基于时空混合效应模型的京津冀PM2.5浓度变化模拟

为揭示京津冀地区高精度PM_2.5的时空分布特征,以空间分辨率为1 km的MAIAC AOD数据为主要预测因子,以气象数据、植被指数、夜间灯光数、人口密度和海拔数据作为辅助因子,构建了一种新的时空混合效应模型（STLME）,在拟合最优次区域划分方案基础上对京津冀地区PM_2.5浓度进行预测分析.结果表明,基于STLME模型的ρ(PM_2.5)预测精度高于传统的线性混合效应模型（LME）,其十折交叉验证（CV）R²为0.91,明显高于LME模型的0.87,说明STLME模型在同时校正PM_2.5-AOD关系的时空异质性方面具有优势.最优次区域划分方案识别出PM_2.5-AOD关系的空间差异,并结合缓冲区平滑方法,提高了STLME模型预测精度.京津冀PM_2.5浓度时空变化差异显著,高值区主要分布在以石家庄、邢台和邯郸为中心的河北南部,低值区则位于燕山-太行山区;冬季PM_2.5污染最严重,其次是秋季和春季,夏季污染最轻.STLM...     

水中痕量铍的稳定性研究

本文研究了水中痕量铍的稳定性大小,与水中酸度、与水中存在的沉淀物种类及量以及与贮存容器有关,为了使标准溶液与水样中痕量铍不致因容器表壁吸附或沉淀物吸附而损失,经试验采用聚乙烯瓶盛装最好,并用盐酸或硝酸调至溶液酸度为pH1-2为好。     

环境保护项目费用效益评价方法

从费用—效益分析原理出发,结合微观经济理论及环保项目特点,通过分析与归纳建立环保项目费用效益量化评价模型,落实费用效益分析法在环保项目经济评价中的具体应用,达到得以对环保项目作出经济分析评价的目的。     

Greenhouse gas emissions in Canada and Japan: sector-specific estimates and managerial and economic implications

Many firms generate large amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases when they burn fossil fuels in their production processes. In addition, production of raw materials and other inputs the firms procure for their operations also generates greenhouse gases indirectly. These direct and indirect greenhouse gas emissions occur in many sectors of our economies. In this paper, we first present sector-specific estimates for such greenhouse gas emissions. We then show that estimates for such sector-specific greenhouse gas emissions are often required for various types of corporate as well as public policy analyses in both domestic and international contexts. Measuring greenhouse gas emissions resulting from firms' multi-stage production processes in a multi-sector context is relevant for policies related to the Kyoto protocol, an international agreement to limit global greenhouse gas emissions. For example, since the protocol allows firms to engage in trading and offsetting of their greenhouse gas emissions across national borders, provided that emissions are correctly measured, the firms can take advantage of such trading schemes by placing their energy-intensive production facilities globally and strategically. We present several case studies which illustrate the importance of this and other aspects of greenhouse gas emissions in firms' environmental management. We also argue that our modeling and estimation methods based on input-output analyses are suitable for the types of research goals we have in this paper. Our methods are applied to data for Canada and Japan in a variety of environmental management circumstances.     

Multi-scales Analysis of Driving Forces on Land Use/Cover Change in China： Taking Farmland Returning to Forest or Grassland as a Case

Increasing populations are causing an increase in food demands, and the area of cultivated land expands every year. Inappropriate land transition from ecology to production results in the constant decline of the ecological security level and influences the regional sustainable development. Adjusting unreasonable land use mode and reconstructing natural land cover are important ways to maintain and improve the ecological environment. Also reclaiming farmland as areas for forests and grasslands （FRFG） is another way. Successful implementation of FRFG in China is the result of comprehensive effect of the multi-scales driving forces. This paper analyses the driving forces of FRFG in China on a national （country） -regional （province） - local （county） - household （farmer） level scale, and the results are： driving forces at the national scale include ecological and food security and the western development of China; at the regional scale, ecological and economic benefits become the main factors to influence the dimension of FRFG under the same policy. The driving forces can be divided into 6 types： industrial structure adjustment, water source protection, flood prevention, the Three-Gorge Project protection, reduction of the amount of sediment flowing into the Yellow River and wind erosion desertification prevention. The driving forces at the local scale can be divided into 12 types with developing leading industries, increasing farmers＇ income and improving agricultural production conditions as the main types; at the household scale, the national policy meeting farmers＇ demands and the optimization of individual interests are all driving forces.     

Impacts of Roads, Hunting, and Habitat Alteration on Nocturnal Mammals in African Rainforests

Abstract:  Nocturnal mammals are poorly studied in Central Africa, a region experiencing dramatic increases in logging, roads, and hunting activity. In the rainforests of southern Gabon, we used spotlighting surveys to estimate abundances of nocturnal mammal species and guilds at varying distances from forest roads and between hunted and unhunted treatments (comparing a 130-km² oil concession that was nearly free of hunting, with nearby areas outside the concession that had moderate hunting pressure). At each of 12 study sites that were evenly divided between hunted and unhunted areas, we established standardized 1-km transects along road verges and at 50, 300, and 600 m from the road. We then repeatedly surveyed mammals at each site during 2006. Hunting had few apparent effects on this assemblage. Nevertheless, the species richness and often the abundance of nocturnal primates, smaller ungulates, and carnivores were significantly depressed within approximately 30 m of roads. Scansorial rodents increased in abundance in hunted forests, possibly in response to habitat changes caused by logging or nearby swidden farming. In multiple-regression models many species and guilds were significantly influenced by forest-canopy and understory cover, both of which are altered by logging and by certain abiotic variables. In general, nocturnal species, many of which are arboreal or relatively small in size (<10 kg), were less strongly influenced by hunting and more strongly affected by human-induced changes in forest structure than were larger mammal species in our study area.     

EVALUATING THE ACCURACY OF RAINFALL CATCH BY THREE DIFFERENT GAGES1

ABSTRACT: A U.S. standard gage, a weighing-type recording gage, a standard gage fitted with an Alter windshield, and a pit gage were installed to evaluate the accuracy and wind effects on rainfall catch. The study was conducted at the Stephen F. Austin Experimental Forest, about 20 km SW of Nacogdoches, Texas. A recording anemometer was also installed at a height corresponding to the standard gage orifice. Based on data from 67 storms collected over a one-year period (July 1995-August 1996), all three conventional gages consistently caught less rainfall than the reference pit gage with an average percent deficiency greater than 10 percent. However, the recording gage caught 2.7 percent less and the shielded gage caught 1 percent more than the standard gage—differences less than those reported elsewhere. The deficiencies were highly correlated with storm intensity, duration, or total rainfall. When the correction for wind effect on angle of raindrop inclination is included, the percent catch deficiency of the standard gage was reduced from 11 percent to 6 percent. The remaining errors may be attributed to wind effects (streamline vs. turbulent flow), nonrandom errors, or other unknown sources.     

Modeling China's semiconductor industry fluorinated compound emissions and drafting a roadmap for climate protection

Fluorinated compounds (FC) are high-global warming potential (GWP) greenhouse gases used and emitted during the manufacture of silicon semiconductor devices. Following the U.S. EPA's PFC Emissions Vintage Model (PEVM), uncontrolled FC emissions are modeled as proportional to total manufactured layer area (TMLA) of silicon. FC emissions of World Semiconductor Council (WSC) charter member countries (Europe, Japan, Korea, Taiwan and the United States), which voluntarily committed in 1999 to lower FC emissions by 2010 to 10% of baseline year emissions, are modeled for the period 1995–2020. For this same period, emissions from Chinese manufacturers under alternative emission reduction scenarios are modeled. If Chinese manufacturers were to adopt a baseline year of 2005 and a reduction target of 10% below baseline year emissions to be achieved by 2020, emissions would be 3.4 MMTCO₂eq, comparable to the similarly projected controlled emissions of an average WSC charter member country (=16.3/5 MMTCO₂eq) in 2020. The relative stringency of the alternative reduction scenarios considered for China vary between 50 and 95% reduction compared to business as usual (BAU). This is comparable to the stringency of the WSC charter members’ goals for which FC emission reduction technologies are currently available.     

Evaluating CO2 reduction strategies in the US

We constructed a model to simulate emissions of CO₂ from electricity generation in the US and, using the model, we developed 20-year projections of emissions under various regulatory scenarios.