浙江省丽水市空气质量的健康效应分析

本研究利用2013~2018年丽水空气质量、健康及气象等官方数据，采用半参数广义可加模型分析了丽水市空气质量状况与人群健康效应之间的关系.结果表明：（1）大气污染物可导致人群心血管疾病和呼吸系统疾病死亡率的增加，PM_2.5和O₃对于男性的影响显著高于女性，NO₂和SO₂对于女性的影响显著高于男性，污染物对于65岁以上人口的影响更为明显；（2）O₃对于全人群超额死亡风险的贡献率高达40%~50%，远高于PM_2.5对健康造成的危害，O₃已经成为丽水市最为突出的空气污染物.但是男性和女性有明显差异，O₃对于男性的超额风险贡献率最大，NO₂对于女性的超额风险贡献率最大；（3）丽水市污染物浓度处于剂量-效应关系曲线的低浓度处，单位污染物浓度的变化导致超额死亡率变化较大，降低单位浓度污染物产生的健康效益也更为显著.     

4-n-Nonylphenol and 17-β estradiol may induce common DNA effects in developing barnacle larvae

There is a growing concern over the potential effects of environmental endocrine disrupters on both human and wildlife populations. However, to date, minimal research has been conducted to determine the effect of estrogens and xenoestrogens at the DNA level. In this study, we used the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay to evaluate the effects on the genomic DNA of barnacle larvae that had been exposed to 17β-estradiol (E₂) and low concentrations of 4-n-nonylphenol (NP). DNA effects include DNA damage as well as mutations and possibly other effects at the DNA level that can be induced by chemical or physical agents that directly and/or indirectly interact with genomic DNA. Not only did exposure to NP and E₂ induce changes in RAPD profiles in the exposed barnacle larvae when compared to control patterns, but also, and more importantly, there were similarities in the RAPD modifications in the exposed populations that had been treated to either chemical. We propose that NP and E₂ induced some common DNA effects in barnacle larvae and that these specific modifications in RAPD patterns may arise as a consequence of hot spot DNA damage (e.g. DNA adducts) and/or mutations (point mutations or genomic rearrangements). This could help to explain how xenoestrogens mimic the effects produced by natural estrogens. In conclusion, in the field of endocrine disruption, the study of DNA effects induced by estrogens and/or xenoestrogens warrants further investigation. Indeed, changes at the DNA level may be the precursors of some of the numerous effects reported at higher levels of biological organisation such as the feminization of males, developmental abnormalities, and infertility.     

江苏昆山市人口,资源,环境与可持续发展的战略思考

本文从区域可持续发展的角度,着重分析了搞土地批租给经济建设、农业生产和环境保护带来的利弊,指出土地批租具有经济发展上的进取性,资源利用上的合理性,环境治理上的主动性和社会发展的全面性,关键是要因势利导,加强管理,才能达到可持续发展的根本目的。     

基于风险管理的区域（流域）地下水污染预警方法研究

地下水是我国重要的水资源,当前我国面临的地下水污染防治形势较为严峻.开展地下水污染风险评价及预警是预防地下水污染的有效措施,目前国内外有关地下水污染预警方面研究尚处于探索阶段,未形成一套完善的、可供借鉴的技术方法.本研究在分析不同尺度地区地下水污染预警工作需求的基础上,筛选出区域(流域)尺度地下水污染预警指标,包括地质介质防护性能、污染源特征、地下水动态及地下水价值因素四项指标,并利用指标叠置法建立了地下水污染预警模型.以包头平原区为例,开展了地下水污染预警研究,利用建立的模型划分了不同等级的地下水污染预警分区,研究成果可为当地地下水资源管理部门提供科技支撑.     

Microencapsulated chlorpyrifos: Degradation in soil and influence on soil microbial community structures

Degradation kinetics of microencapsulated chlorpyrifos （CPF-MC） in soil and its influence on soil microbial community structures were investigated by comparing with emulsifiable concentration of chlorpyrifos （CPF-EC） in laboratory. The residual periods of CPF-MC with fortification levels of 5 and 20 mg/kg reached 120 days in soil, both of the degradation curves did not fit the first-order model, and out-capsule residues of chlorpyrifos in soil were maintained at 1.76 （±0.33） and 5.92 （±1.20） mg/kg in the period between 15 and 60 days, respectively. The degradation kinetics of CPF-EC fit the first-order model, and the residual periods of 5 and 20 mg/kg treatments were 60 days. Bacterial community structures in soil treated with two concentrations of CPF-MC showed similarity to those of the control during the test period, as seen in the band number and relative intensities of the individual band on DGGE gels （p 〉 0.05）. Fungal community structures were slightly affected in the 5 mg/kg treatments and returned to the control levels after 30 days, but initially differed significantly from control in the 20 mg/kg treatments （p 〈 0.05） and did not recover to control levels until 90 days later. The CPF-EC significantly altered microbial community structures （p 〈 0.05） and effects did not disappear until 240 days later. The results indicated that the microcapsule technology prolonged the residue periods of chlorpyrifos in soil whereas it decreased its side-effects on soil microbes as compared with the emulsifiable concentration formulation.     

丁草胺对泥鳅的毒性效应的研究

本文选定丁草胺和泥鳅作为研究对象,希望通过实验研究出除草剂丁草胺对泥鳅的急性毒性效应。研究表明：60％丁草胺乳油商品剂对泥鳅的24hLC50为0．74mg／L;48h LC50为0．61mg／L,安全浓度（SC）为0．33mg／L。60％丁草胺乳油商品剂可以直接杀死泥破外,对泥鳅的行为也产生了明显的影响,是一种高毒农药。     

长输油气管道工程建设对生态影响及对策研究

文章通过对东北地区长输油气管道工程建设可能产生的生态影响进行预测和分析,从工程建设的短期影响和长期影响两个方面,阐述长输油气管道工程建设对草原生态系统、湿地生态系统、森林生态系统、农田生态系统以及土壤所产生的生态影响,并从施工前期准备、施工期、施工后期恢复以及长期监测和管理等几个方面提出相应的对策和建议。     

南水北调丹江口水库原水有机物分子组成规律及其强化混凝处理的效能对比

以取自南水北调中线工程的丹江口水库原水作为研究对象,考察了丹江口水库原水中有机物的分子量大小和亲疏水性分子组成规律,并确定了其所适用的强化混凝工艺条件.分离试验表明,丹江口原水中有机物主要以小分子量形式存在.其中,1 000组分的溶解性有机碳(DOC)和UV254所占比例最大,分别为39.98%和39.10%,且此区间还具有最高的三卤甲烷生成潜能(THMFP)和含氮消毒副产物生成潜能(N-DBPFP).亲疏水性方面,原水中弱疏水性组分含量最高,疏水性有机物的比例用DOC表征时超过80%.强疏水性组分含量最低但是强疏水性组分的THMFP最大,占总量的57.31%,而各组分的NDBPFP则相差不大.混凝试验表明,当采用聚合硫酸铁(PFS,4 mg·L-1)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM,0.4 mg·L-1)处理丹江口原水时,强化混凝效果最好,可实现较为有效的去除浊度(76.33%)、DOC(25.57%)、UV254(37.78%)及THMFP(23.16%).本研究成果可为南水北调河南受水区既有水厂升级改造与工艺的优化运行提供有效的理论和技术支持.     

3种典型有机污染物对2种水生生物的急性毒性及安全评价

在实验室条件下研究了1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2,4-TCB)、硝基苯和毒死蜱这3种典型有机污染物对我国两种本土淡水水生生物霍甫水丝蚓(Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri)和嗜热四膜虫(Tetrahymena thermophila)的急性毒性效应,并进行生物安全性评价.结果表明,随污染物浓度增加和时间的延长,3种污染物的毒性均明显增强,两种水生生物的死亡率上升,呈明显剂量-效应关系.1,2,4-TCB、硝基苯和毒死蜱对霍甫水丝蚓的96 h半致死效应浓度(96 h-LC50)分别为71.88、285.76和5.50 mg·L-1,对四膜虫的96 h-EC50分别为15.58、140.22和14.69 mg·L-1.3种典型污染物的毒性评估结果表明,1,2,4-TCB对霍甫水丝蚓表现为中等毒性,硝基苯为低等毒性,而毒死蜱则表现为高等毒性;3种污染物对嗜热四膜虫的毒性顺序依次为:1,2,4-三氯苯毒死蜱硝基苯.研究结果将为开展水生态风险评估,制定和完善我国水质基准提供本土数据支持.     

基于环境效应的土壤重金属临界负荷制图

我国高速发展的工业化和城市化造成土壤重金属污染问题日益严重,威胁到生态环境和人体健康,因此重金属污染的防控与管理变得尤其重要.临界负荷是重金属风险管理的重要工具,可以用来防范重金属污染危害的发生.本文基于现状平衡、水环境效应以及健康风险这3种情形,采用稳态质量平衡模型,分别计算Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn元素在不同效应水平下的临界负荷值并进行制图,分析重金属临界负荷及其空间分布特征,利用长三角地区和中国的农田重金属输入通量,估算出超临界负荷的面积比例.结果表明,Cd的临界负荷值最小,Pb次之,Cu和Zn较大.研究区内各元素的临界负荷在空间上存在差异,低值区主要分布在林地,高值区零散地分布于城市东部与西南部,农田以中值区和中高值区为主.与通量监测数据比较发现,各重金属元素均出现超临界负荷现象,其中研究区90%以上面积的Pb、Zn元素均超出不同效应下的临界负荷,Cd元素主要在现状平衡与健康风险下出现超临界负荷,Cu元素在现状平衡与水环境效应下出现大面积超临界负荷.本文研究的不同效应水平下的重金属临界负荷可以作为重金属排放控制的参考,从而有效地控制重金属的排放来防止重金属污染风险的发生.