添加几种秸秆并淹水对海南土壤N2O和CH4排放的影响

利用室内培养试验研究了淹水条件下,不同种类的秸秆对退化菜地土壤修复过程中土壤N_2O和CH_4排放及其综合温室效应的影响.试验设大豆秸秆、花生秸秆、甘蔗渣、水稻秸秆和空白5个处理,试验培养条件为土壤淹水和30℃.结果表明,添加大豆秸秆、花生秸秆和水稻秸秆均能显著提高土壤的pH、有机质和速效钾含量,且能快速降低土壤氧化还原电位Eh.添加大豆秸秆、花生秸秆、甘蔗渣均能显著降低土壤N_2O的排放,其中,大豆秸秆的减排效果最佳.但添加大豆秸秆、花生秸秆、水稻秸秆会促进CH_4大量排放,从而导致综合温室效应增加.花生秸秆处理增加的综合温室效应最大,其次是水稻秸秆处理.甘蔗渣处理的综合温室效应显著低于空白,但甘蔗渣处理对土壤改良效果不佳,其不能快速创造强还原条件,未能提高pH与速效钾等.比较4种材料,添加大豆秸秆增加的综合温室效应较小,且改良土壤效果较佳,更适合作为强还原灭菌法的理想材料.     

亏缺灌溉对冬小麦农田温室气体排放的影响

为研究不同时期亏水量对冬小麦农田土壤温室气体排放的影响,优化灌溉管理措施,试验采用静态箱-气相色谱法对关中平原冬小麦(2016年10月～2017年6月)农田温室气体(CO_2、N_2O和CH_4)排放通量进行了监测研究.试验在冬小麦3个生育期(越冬期、拔节至抽穗期、抽穗至灌浆期)各设置3个灌水水平(充分灌溉,100%;轻度水分亏缺,80%;重度水分亏缺,60%),共6个处理(CK、T1、T2、T3、T4、T5,其中CK处理为充分灌溉处理,其它处理均为不同程度的水分亏缺处理).阐述了3种气体(CO_2、N_2O和CH_4)在全生育期的动态变化特征,并用作物产量、长远增温效应(net GWP_L)和当季增温效应(net GWPS)这3个指标综合评估不同生育期亏水水平对关中平原小麦经济效应和生态效应的影响.结果表明,生育期灌溉后CO_2、N_2O排放通量基本上呈增加趋势,以CK处理最高,而灌溉后土壤CH_4吸收通量迅速减小,高水分处理甚至出现排放特征.与CK处理相比,T1、T2、T3、T4和T5处理下小麦季CO_2排放总量分别显著降低了13. 32%、25. 98%、5. 55%、15. 47%和17. 52%(P 0. 05),N_2O排放总量分别显著降低了12. 20%、18. 00%、5. 63%、11. 54%和13. 53%(P 0. 05),CH_4吸收总量分别显著增加了46. 47%、75. 78%、19. 47%、53. 40%和62. 33%(P 0. 05); T1、T2、T3、T4和T5处理net GWP_L较CK处理分别显著降低了10. 07%、12. 77%、6. 50%、6. 81%和11. 53%(P 0. 05);除T3处理外,其他处理较CK处理net GWPS分别显著降低了13. 21%、37. 65%、24. 60%和19. 86%(P 0. 05); T1、T2、T3、T4和T5处理小麦产量较CK处理分别显著减少了12. 56%、32. 53%、2. 25%、20. 93%和18. 14%(P 0. 05),T3处理较CK处理减产2. 25%,但无显著性差异(P 0. 05).亏缺灌溉显著降低了小麦地温室气体的排放,但会造成不同程度的减产,综合考虑不同生育期亏水水平处理下小麦地的经济效应和生态效应,T3处理更有利于关中平原冬小麦的保产节水减排.     

Assessing energy efficiencies and greenhouse gas emissions under bioethanol-oriented paddy rice production in northern Japan

To establish energetically and environmentally viable paddy rice-based bioethanol production systems in northern Japan, it is important to implement appropriately selected agronomic practice options during the rice cultivation step. In this context, effects of rice variety (conventional vs. high-yielding) and rice straw management (return to vs. removal from the paddy field) on energy inputs from fuels and consumption of materials, greenhouse gas emissions (fuel and material consumption-derived CO(2) emissions as well as paddy soil CH(4) and N(2)O emissions) and ethanol yields were assessed. The estimated ethanol yield from the high-yielding rice variety, "Kita-aoba" was 2.94 kL ha(-1), a 32% increase from the conventional rice variety, "Kirara 397". Under conventional rice production in northern Japan (conventional rice variety and straw returned to the paddy), raising seedlings, mechanical field operations, transportation of harvested unhulled brown rice and consumption of materials (seeds, fertilizers, biocides and agricultural machinery) amounted to 28.5 GJ ha(-1) in energy inputs. The total energy input was increased by 14% by using the high-yielding variety and straw removal, owing to increased requirements for fuels in harvesting and transporting harvested rice as well as in collecting, loading and transporting rice straw. In terms of energy efficiency, the variation among rice variety and straw management scenarios regarding rice varieties and rice straw management was small (28.5-32.6 GJ ha(-1) or 10.1-14.0 MJ L(-1)). Meanwhile, CO(2)-equivalent greenhouse gas emissions varied considerably from scenario to scenario, as straw management had significant impacts on CH(4) emissions from paddy soils. When rice straw was incorporated into the soil, total CO(2)-equivalent greenhouse gas emissions for "Kirara 397" and "Kita-aoba" were 25.5 and 28.2 Mg CO(2) ha(-1), respectively; however, these emissions were reduced notably for the two varieties when rice straw was removed from the paddy fields in an effort to mitigate CH(4) emissions. Thus, rice straw removal avers itself a key practice with respect to lessening the impacts of greenhouse gas emissions in paddy rice-based ethanol production systems in northern Japan. More crucially, the rice straw removed is available for ethanol production and generation of heat energy with a biomass boiler, all elements required for biomass-to-ethanol transformation steps including saccharification, fermentation and distillation. This indicates opportunities for further improvement in energy efficiency and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions under whole rice plant-based bioethanol production systems.     

迪那2气田液化气无水冷却工艺研究

迪那2气田液化气生产设计采用空冷加水冷工艺,存在能耗大和水冷器易腐蚀结垢等安全隐患。利用HYSYS软件对迪那2气田轻烃回收工艺进行分析,并增设液化气后冷器,利用脱乙烷塔气相对液化气进行冷却,通过醇烃液分离压力、后冷器及空冷器冷却能力等参数的模拟计算和优化,将醇烃液三相分离器压力由常规的2.5MPa提高至5MPa,取消醇烃液导热油加热和液化气水冷,降低了装置能耗,年节水1.44×104m3,节电1.45×105 kW.h,杜绝了水冷器腐蚀穿孔的安全隐患,最终提出了醇烃液高压分离+空冷器+后冷器的液化气无水冷却工艺。     

“烟塔合一”脱硫技术应用中应注意的问题

以山阴电厂2×300MW机组烟气排放系统采用的烟囱、间冷塔、吸收塔"三塔合一"项目为例,分析了湿法脱硫技术运用在烟塔合一项目中的特点及所需要注意的问题。     

上海市普陀区二氧化硫排放状况分析

为实现上海市政府制定的二氧化硫减排目标,普陀区政府严格落实各项总量控制措施。"十一五"期间,二氧化硫排放从1 867.37 t/a降低到327.90 t/a,二氧化硫减排工作取得明显成效。介绍了上海市普陀区在二氧化硫减排工作中采取的措施,并提出优化产业结构、优化能源结构、加大对大气污染治理设施的监管力度等进一步削减和控制二氧化硫排放的对策。     

The consequences of being colonial: Allee effects in metapopulations of seabirds

Most seabirds live in large colonies. This fact signifies that there is an advantage in living and breeding together. Four explanations are put fore ward for this colonial behaviour, more birds have: (1) a reduced per capita predation of chicks in colonies, (2) a better anti-predator defence, (3) a more efficient foraging in temporally patchy environments and (4) sex ratios that are more likely to be close to one. These factors induce a strong Allee-type density-dependent relation, a positive relation between density and population growth rate at low density. Nevertheless, these Allee effects are generally ignored in seabird population studies. Therefore we study the consequences of introducing Allee-type density-dependent relations in a spatially explicit metapopulation model for the Common Tern (Sterna hirundo). Simulations show that Allee effects might be responsible for a 20-fold decline in the recolonization distances, causing patches and parts of metapopulations to effectively become more isolated. This leads to long recolonization times of empty breeding patches which consequently cause slower metapopulation expansion and recovery. Additionally, we show that the typical early warning signals, that show that a population is near its critical threshold induce by Allee effects, is less pronounced in colonies that are part of a metapopulation. Hence, we offer some simple equations to estimate critical densities and thresholds in a colony.     

基于长时间序列的北京PM2.5浓度日变化及气象条件影响分析

基于2005~2014年北京宝联(城区)和上甸子大气成分本底站(郊区)监测结果得到了PM_(2.5)质量浓度日变化特征,并且讨论了气象条件的影响.结果表明,北京城区PM_(2.5)质量浓度10年平均值的日变化呈双峰分布,对应早晚出行高峰.但是,该特征在2007年以后才比较明显.月际(季节)变化表现为单峰与双峰之间、日最大值在早高峰与晚高峰之间的转换.一年中早峰值浓度在5~8月最高,与地面风速小、相对湿度以及水汽压(空气绝对含水量)较高有关,该季节晚高峰期间浓度变化相对较小主要受混合层较厚、地面风速大、降雨天气发生频繁的影响.11~12月和1~2月的16:00以后浓度明显升高,混合层顶高度在14:00~17:00大幅度下降是重要的影响因素.此外,严重和重度污染日09:00以后污染加重,与年平均值和中度污染日不同.边界层偏南风对来自周边地区高架源的污染物输送是其重要的影响机制.PM_(2.5)质量浓度日变化幅度随污染加重而增大.日最大风速和相对湿度日变化对浓度日变化幅度有影响,而且午后地面出现4~6 m·s-1的偏南风也会加大日变化幅度.北京郊区PM_(2.5)质量浓度多年平均值日变化呈单峰分布,日最大值超前于城区.而且,昼间的浓度在5~7月高于冬季.本研究结果将有助于细化不利扩散条件下的污染减排方案.     

城市绿地降温效应研究进展与展望

全球变暖已是不争的事实,而且不可能完全被阻止。城市绿地作为城市结构中的自然生产力主体,在缓解城市热岛、调节城市气候和协助城市应对未来气候变化中扮演着极其重要的角色。如何优化城市绿地空间布局,从而实现城市绿地降温效应的最大化,更有效地应对城市气候变化,已经成为城市绿地布局规划与研究的热点与难点问题。论文从城市绿地降温效应实地观测、城市尺度城市绿地与城市热岛关系、城市绿地降温效应模型模拟和城市绿地降温效应的心理和社会意义4个角度,对国内外相关研究进行了评述,并在此基础上总结了目前城市绿地降温效应研究存在的主要问题,进而提出了该领域未来研究的方向,以期为深入研究城市绿地的降温效应、更好地规划和设计绿地提供重要的借鉴和参考。     

景观带尺度高寒区水文特征时空变化规律研究

目前高寒区景观带尺度水文规律的研究还非常薄弱.同位素技术被用来甄别高寒区不同景观带冰川、积雪、冻土、地表水、地下水和降雨等对径流的贡献组合及其时空变化规律,旨在揭示各景观带的水文规律.结果表明马粪沟流域雨季降雨量大,温度效应显著,易发生再次蒸发,致使各水体δ18O和δD较高.干季气温低,降水多为固态,蒸发弱,不易受到再次蒸发和周围水汽交换影响,致使各水体δ18O和δD相对偏负.降雨和各水体在雨季富集重D和18O,干季较贫重同位素,存在季节效应.降雨存在高程效应,δ18O=-0.005 2 H-8.951,R=-0.917 2;δD=-0.018 5 H-34.873,R=-0.876 3.流域各景观带各水体在雨季和干季均不存在高程效应,是因为出山径流均非以降雨直接补给为主,受冰川、积雪和冻土等冻融过程影响,降水、融水、地表水与地下水等相互转化,导致同位素特征发生变化,混合和蒸发效应是其同位素变化的主要控制因素.