苯并三唑类紫外稳定剂在环境中的检测、分布及其毒性效应

苯并三唑类紫外稳定剂(benzotriazole UV stabilizers,BUVSs)因具有良好的紫外吸收能力广泛应用于个人护理品及工业产品中。由于其环境持久性、生物累积性,以及对生物体具有潜在的毒性效应,近年来得到广泛关注。对环境中典型BUVSs的分析方法、在不同环境介质中的浓度水平及其毒性效应进行了综述,预测了BUVSs的生物活性(毒性作用模式),并对其未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

转cry1Ab和epsps基因玉米C0030.3.5对大型蚤(Daphnia magna)的生态毒性研究

随着抗虫和耐草甘膦除草剂转基因玉米的迅速推广和种植,其环境安全性也越来越成为人们关注的焦点。为探讨抗虫耐除草剂转基因玉米C0030.3.5(外源基因cry1Ab和epsps)对水生动物环境的安全性,以模式生物大型蚤(Daphnia magna)为指示生物,分别使用1.5 g·L~(-1)C0030.3.5玉米粉和其非转基因对照DBN318玉米粉饲喂大型蚤28 d,探讨C0030.3.5玉米对大型蚤生长和繁殖的影响。结果显示,C0030.3.5玉米粉组大型蚤与亲本DBN318组大型蚤相比,体长、存活率、新生幼蚤总数等没有显著性差异(P0.05)。28 d饲喂实验结果表明,抗虫耐除草剂玉米C0030.3.5没有对大型蚤生长和繁殖产生不良影响。上述研究结果为转基因玉米的商业化种植和安全管理提供科学数据。     

水培实验中不同粒径纳米TiO_2对金鱼藻种子发芽和植株生长和生理的影响

纳米二氧化钛(TiO_2-NPs)是目前应用最为广泛的纳米材料之一,在城市污水处理厂的出水、污泥以及地表水体中已均有检出,进入到天然湿地和人工湿地中的TiO_2-NPs会在湿地生物、基质、水体之间进行迁移转化和归趋。目前针对TiO_2-NPs对湿地植物金鱼藻的毒性研究很少。本文采用水培实验方法,研究了不同粒径TiO_2对金鱼藻种子发芽和植株生长的影响,解析了TiO_2-NPs对金鱼藻的生态毒理效应。研究结果表明:各粒径TiO_2-NPs对金鱼藻种子的发芽均具有一定的抑制作用,表现为发芽率、发芽幼苗重量、发芽指数、发芽势和活力指数的降低,且粒径越小、浓度越高对金鱼藻种子发芽的抑制作用越强,4 nm、20 nm和50 nm的TiO_2-NPs对金鱼藻种子发芽的半数有效浓度(EC_(50))分别为1 180、1 520和1 810 mg·L~(-1)。TiO_2-NPs对金鱼藻植株的毒害作用表现为叶片失绿发黄、脱落,植株呈萎焉状,并且TiO_2-NPs的粒径越小、浓度越高毒害作用越明显。随TiO_2-NPs浓度升高,处理后金鱼藻叶片的叶绿素含量和植株体内的Mg含量均降低,丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量均升高,而超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性则先升高后降低,而且越小粒径的TiO_2-NPs对金鱼藻的处理效果越明显。3种粒径的TiO_2-NPs均能进入金鱼藻体内,粒径越小、浓度越高进入的量越多。综上表明,TiO_2-NPs对金鱼藻种子发芽和植株生长均有一定的抑制作用,且粒径越小、浓度越高抑制作用越强。     

Potential shift of bacterial community structure and corrosion-related bacteria in drinking water distribution pipeline driven by water source switching

• Bacterial release from aged pipe sections under extreme conditions was quantified. • Released bacterial community structure exhibited large variation after transition. • Risks from transition reduced significantly with cleaner source. As a result of pollution in the present water sources, cities have been forced to utilize cleaner water sources. There are few reports regarding the potential shift of bacterial community structure driven by water source switching, especially that of corrosion-related bacteria. Three types of finished water were used for simulation, the polluted source water from the Qiantang and Dongtiaoxi Rivers (China) was replaced by cleaner water from Qiandao Lake (China). Here, we discussed the transition effects through three simulated reactors. The bacterial characteristics were identified using the high-throughput sequencing and heterotrophic plate count method. It was observed that the level of culturable bacteria declined by 2–3 orders of magnitude after water source switching. The bacterial community released from the pipeline reactor was significantly different under different finished water, and it exhibited large variation at the genus level. Porphyrobacter (58.2%) and Phreatobacter (14.5%) clearly replaced Novosphingobium, Aquabacterium, and Cupriavidus as new dominant genera in system A, which could be attributed to the lower carbon and nitrogen content of the new water source. Although corrosion-inhibiting bacteria decreased after switching, they still maintained dominant in three reactors (6.6%, 15.9%, and 19.7%). Furthermore, potential opportunistic pathogens such as Sphingomonas were detected. Our study shows that after transition to a high quality water source, the total culturable bacteria released was in a downtrend, which leads to a great reduction in the risk of bacterial leakage in the produced drinking water.     

电活性微生物激活生物质炭/零价铁协同钝化Cr(Ⅵ)及机制

纳米零价铁（nZVI）具有对六价铬［Cr（Ⅵ）］还原去除能力,但其存在易老化和易团聚的问题,会大大降低对Cr（Ⅵ）反应活性.本文将具有异化铁还原能力的MR-1引入到老化生物质炭负载纳米零价铁（nZVIB）除Cr（Ⅵ）的反应体系中.研究厌氧条件下老化后nZVI/B与MR-1之间对Cr（Ⅵ）去除存在的协同效应机制,以及反应体系中pH条件,初始Cr（Ⅵ）浓度和MR-1菌浓度对这种协同效应的影响.结果表明,在pH为7时体系有明显协同效应,去除率提高51.3%.并且该协同效应随初始Cr（Ⅵ）增加而减弱,随着MR-1浓度增加而增强.固相分析结果表明Cr（Ⅵ）主要以还原为Cr（Ⅲ）的形式被固定.MR-1的异化铁还原能力起到了重要的作用,通过零价铁表面铁氧化物老化层还原,为反应体系提供了大量还原性的Fe（Ⅱ）,同时也释放了内部nZVI的反应活性位点,而生物质炭不仅分散了nZVI还介导MR-1的胞外电子传递过程,从而增强了体系对Cr（Ⅵ）协同钝化能力.本研究为有效解决nZVI长期使用过程中的老化问题提供了新思路.     

饮水型砷暴露对小鼠多系统脏器的毒性作用

为揭示饮水型砷暴露对机体的毒性,系统研究了砷摄入对实验动物基础生理和多系统脏器的毒性损伤作用.选雄性ICR小鼠为受试动物,以自由饮用含砷10 mg·L^-1的水溶液进行染毒,连续染毒60 d后检测发现,饮水砷暴露对小鼠一般体征和体重无显著影响,肝脏脏器系数显著降低,心脏、肺脏、肾脏和睾丸脏器系数降低,但无统计学意义.砷染毒组血清谷丙转氨酶（ALT）和谷草转氨酶（AST）活性显著升高,总胆固醇（TC）和甘油三酯（TG）含量显著升高,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）含量显著降低,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）含量显著升高;肝脏、小肠、心脏、肺脏、肾脏和睾丸组织中还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（T-SOD）活性显著降低,过氧化氢（H₂O₂）和丙二醛（MDA）含量显著升高,并出现程度不同的组织形态结构损伤.研究结果表明,饮水砷暴露可诱发实验小鼠肝脏功能异常、生理代谢紊乱,导致消化系统、循环系统、呼吸系统、泌尿系统与生殖系统等多系统脏器组织的氧化损伤和结构病变,砷暴露对机体的毒性作用存在组织器官差异性,对肝脏的损伤较严重.     

有机过氧化物生产火灾爆炸危险性分析

针对有机过氧化物自分解温度较低、反应过程易引发火灾爆炸等危险特性,采用危险与可操作分析(HAZOP)方法和事故树(FTA)分析对过氧化物生产过程中存在的火灾爆炸危险性进行分析.结果表明,有机过氧化物生产过程中低温的保证是关键,应对制冷系统进行故障类型及影响分析(FMEA),从而确保制冷系统安全可靠.     

Physiological testing of Mytilus galloprovincialis for the environmental assessing of coastal marine areas: a case study in Boka Kotorska Bay (the Adriatic Sea)

The aim of this work was to validate in the field certain measurement of the heart rate alterations of the bioindicator organism Mytilus galloprovicialis as a tool for ecotoxicological biomonitoring and assessment applications related to coastal and marine environment. The latter was determined by testing the mussels according to the method of functional loading (1-hour lowered salinity stress-exposure). The time of heart rate (HR) recovery (T_rec) and the coefficient of HR variation (CV_HR) in a group of tested animals were used as biomarkers for the assessment of their physiological state. It was found that the values of the biomarkers in mussels from our reference location were 1.3-1.5 times lower than in mussels from differently polluted coastal areas of the Bay. The study also included an investigation of the relationship between the mussel’s cardiac rhythm characteristics and the bioaccumulation of trace elements in their soft tissues, caused by chronic pollution. The conclusion was drawn that this approach to the physiological testing of mussels could be useful in developing a rapid and low-cost method for the assessment of the health of coastal ecosystems.     

四环素对微囊藻生长及光合作用的毒性效应机制

光合作用是蓝藻生长繁殖的生理基础,研究四环素胁迫下蓝藻的生长和光合作用的变化和响应,有助于揭示其作用机制。为探究四环素对微囊藻的毒性效应,对培养在0、0.1、0.2、0.5、1.0、2.0和5.0 mg·L~(-1)共7个浓度下的微囊藻的细胞数、叶绿素a含量、微囊藻光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)快速光响应曲线(RLCs)及快速叶绿素荧光诱导动力学曲线(OJIP)进行了测定。结果表明,四环素处理7 d后,微囊藻的半致死浓度(LC_(50))为(0.571±0.036) mg·L~(-1)。随着四环素浓度的增加,微囊藻生长受到抑制,叶绿素含量减少,PSⅡ中单位反应中心失活。当四环素浓度高于0.5 mg·L~(-1)时,微囊藻Q_A~-到Q_B的电子传递被抑制,造成Q_A~-大量积累,影响PSⅡ的电子受体侧。然而,在低浓度四环素处理中,以吸收光能为基础的性能指数(PI_(ABS))、用于电子传递的量子产额(φ_(Eo))和最大光化学效率(φ_(Po))显著升高,用于热耗散的量子比率(φ_(Do))显著降低。这些结果表明,低浓度四环素处理时,微囊藻能通过自身调节改变PSⅡ中能量配置,改变电子传递速率,提高光合效率,从而应对低浓度四环素胁迫,而当四环素浓度较高时,微囊藻的光合作用显著降低,生长受到抑制。     

Species Composition and Ecological Characteristic of Algae from the Cooling Reservoir of the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant

The results of long-term studies on phytoplankton in the cooling reservoir of the Beloyarsk Nuclear Power Plant (the Middle Urals) are reviewed. Altogether, 199 taxa of the species and subspecies rank have been recorded, including 144 taxa described in this water body for the first time. The algoflora of the reservoir consists mainly of widespread and eurybiontic freshwater species.