Methods for project-based mechanisms (JI/CDM)—relevance of IPCC inventory guidelines

A baseline for a project consists of estimates of annual emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) for a given time period without implementing the project. A general three-step process for determining the baseline is suggested. The emission reduction of the project is given by the difference between the baseline and the monitored annual emissions. A preferred method, direct measurement of the emission reduction, is possible for some types of projects. Methods for estimating the annual baseline emissions are not necessary for the latter category, and a definition of this project category is suggested. IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories categorise the emission sources so that only direct emissions from consumption of fuel and feedstock are calculated. There are thus no emission factors for indirect emissions (e.g. electricity consumption or km transported) or emission factors that depend on technology only, independent of consumption of fuel and feedstock. Technology-dependent emission factors may thus need to be developed for estimating indirect emissions and multi-project baselines. Consistency should be sought with the IPCC Guidelines when estimating annual baseline emissions and in monitoring project emissions to ensure comparability with the National Inventories.     

危险废物安全填埋场运行机制与收费标准

危险废物安全填埋场应探讨企业化经营模式。在单一处理模式、一体化经营模式和依托于大型企业模式中选择适宜的模式。填埋场建设资金筹集渠道中,由废物产生单位集资建设是可行办法。探讨了填埋场收费标准的计算方法,并给出计算公式。     

4-氯苯酚在水溶液中的光化学反应(Ⅰ)单线态氧和自由基的产生

在模拟太阳光照射下，４氯苯酚（４ＣＰ）浓度迅速降低，反应过程对应着产生大量的单线态氧和自由基．金属离子Ｆｅ２＋、Ｆｅ３＋、Ａｌ３＋能够加速这一过程，尤以Ｆｅ２＋、Ｆｅ３＋的影响更明显；在模拟太阳光照射下，向４ＣＰ体系加入的富里酸（ＦＡ），对４ＣＰ浓度降低略起抑制作用，这表明二者之间存在相互作用．但当再加入金属离子Ｆｅ２＋、Ｆｅ３＋、Ａｌ３＋后，能够加速４ＣＰ浓度降低，尤以Ｆｅ２＋、Ｆｅ３＋的影响更显著．     

Molecular behavior and interactions with microbes during anaerobic degradation of bio-derived DOM in waste leachate

It is the key to control bio-derived dissolved organic matters (DOM) in order to reduce the effluent concentration of wastewater treatment, especially for waste leachate with high organic contaminants. In the present study, the anaerobic degradation of aerobically stabilized DOM was investigated with DOM substrate isolated through electrodialysis. The degradation of bio-derived DOM was confirmed by reduction of 15% of total organic carbon in 100 days. We characterized the molecular behavior of bio-derived DOM by coupling molecular and biological information analysis. Venn based Sankey diagram of mass features showed the transformation of bio-derived DOM mass features. Occurrence frequency analysis divided mass features into six categories so as to distinguish the fates of intermediate metabolites and persistent compounds. Reactivity continuum model and machine learning technologies realized the semi-quantitative determination on the kinetics of DOM mass features in the form of pseudo-first order, and confirmed the reduction of inert mass features. Furthermore, network analysis statistically establish relationship between DOM mass features and microbes to identify the active microbes that are able to utilize bio-derived DOM. This work confirmed the biological technology is still effective in controlling recalcitrant bio-derived DOM during wastewater treatment.     

酸性高氟废水处理试验研究

对某化工厂高氟酸性废水经过试验后，采用二级石灰－氯化钙沉淀絮凝法处理，出水的氟浓度达到了国家规定的一级排放标准，且系统运行稳定，工艺简便，易于施工和运行管理。     

雾对SO_2烟羽清除作用的研究

在雾稳定的条件下,研究了雾滴穿过SO_2烟羽沉降到地面的过程中吸收、析解以及酸化等过程。结果表明,雾对烟羽中SO_2的清除具有某些奇特的现象。即仅在离源较远的区域才表现出有限的清除作用:而在近源区,主要以析解为主,使源附近地面SO_2浓度增加,高架源成了低架源。雾滴在地面附近的这种析解作用,是造成雾天污染物浓度高的重要原因之一。     

中国PM_(2.5)污染状况和污染特征的研究

近１０ 余年来在中国的城市地区和清洁地区进行了ＰＭ２－５ 的采集和分析，其中包括ＰＭ２－５ 的质量浓度、离子和元素成分、酸度和酸化缓冲能力以及来源解析，研究结果表明，中国大部分地区ＰＭ２－５ 的污染较重，不论是质量浓度，还是各种主要成分浓度，在ＴＳＰ 和ＰＭ１０ 中都占有很高的比重，而ＰＭ２－５ 的酸度也远远高于ＴＳＰ 和ＰＭ１０ ，特别是近年来ＰＭ２－５ 污染还有相对加剧的趋势。     

大直径TA2卷焊坯制备工艺

此文介绍尺寸为φ1547×L900×δ30的大直径TA2卷焊坯的制备工艺。主要包括卷焊坯设计、展开下料的计算、卷圆工艺、焊接工艺等,可供同类材质圆筒件卷圆时参考。     

上海市大气中NMHC,NOx,O3和SO2变化规律

通过对上海市大气中光化学主要污染物如ＮＭＨＣ、ＮＯｘ、Ｏ３及ＳＯ２等的日变化监测，发现ＮＯｘ、Ｏ３的日浓度变化与气象条件密切相关，高浓度Ｏ３多出现在晴朗少云，气温较高的大气条件下同步监测发现，Ｏ３与ＮＯｘ呈负相关，相关系数ｒ＝－０．７８５；ｄｍｊ ＳＯ２ｇｎ ＮＭＨＣｅ ｔｖｅ ｖｂ ｒ ｇｈｄ ｓｈ ｕｄ ，ｓｈ ｕｄ ｔｘｉ ｏｖｔ ｒ＝     

Enhanced cyanogen chloride formation after UV/PS and UV/H2O2 pre-oxidation and chlorination in natural river water

Ultraviolet/persulfate (UV/PS) and Ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H₂O₂) have attracted much attention in recent years as advanced oxidation processes for water treatment. However, it is not all clear how these two methods affect the formation of cyanogen chloride (CNCl) in the subsequent water chlorination process. In this study, it was found that both UV/H₂O₂ and UV/PS pre-oxidation promoted the formation of CNCl in six actual water samples collected from urban rivers. Glycine, uric acid, arginine and histidine were investigated as the model compounds to explore the effects of different methods on the production of CNCl. The results showed that compared with chlorination alone, pre-oxidation by UV/H₂O₂ and UV/PS can reduce the production of CNCl for glycine and uric acid by up to 95% during post-chlorination process. However, they can greatly promote the formation of CNCl for arginine and histidine by up to 120-fold. In a more detailed investigation, pre-oxidation of histidine formed highly reactive intermediates to chlorine, leading to increased CNCl formation and chlorine consumption. The results showed that the precursors of CNCl was altered after pre-oxidation, and need to be re-evaluated.