电子废弃物中持久性有机污染物分析检测方法的研究进展

针对目前电子废弃物中持久性有机污染物(POPs)尚未形成有效快速分析检测方法的问题,介绍了溶剂萃取、固相萃取、微波萃取和超临界流体萃取等POPs前处理技术的研究进展,总结了POPs的分析方法,如:气相色谱、液相色谱、气相色谱-质谱法、高分辨率气相色谱-高分辨质谱法等化学分析方法,以及生物传感器测定法、表面胞质团共振检测法、酶联免疫检测法等生物分析方法。分析了各方法的优劣,并提出了展望。     

利用粉煤灰处理生活污水的试验研究

以火电厂贮灰场粉煤灰为吸附剂,以生、活污水为吸附对象,通过间歇吸附试验,分析了各因素对粉煤灰吸附性能的影响,并找出了粉煤灰对生活污水中化学耗氧物质(COD)的吸附规律。     

利用木薯渣进行纤维素分解菌混合发酵工艺研究

从自然界中筛选出6株相互间无拮抗作用的纤维素分解菌进行混合发酵,研究了该混菌以工业废弃物木薯渣为原料发酵的最佳产酶条件是:培养基配方为木薯渣4 g,黄豆粉0.75 g,KH2PO40.20 g,NaCl 0.02g,MgSO4·7H2O 0.015 g,蒸馏水1 000 mL;发酵工艺为初始pH=7.0,培养温度40℃,每250 mL锥形瓶装培养液140mL,接种量3%,在140 r·min-1转速下发酵72 h.结果表明,混合菌的发酵可大幅度提高纤维素酶活力及对还原糖的耐受力.     

钻井废液的固液分离工艺与设备

影响钻井废液固液分离的因素包括钻井废液的稀释比例、脱稳处理药剂的种类和加量、固液分离设备。文章介绍了钻井废液处理的基本流程,分析了钻井废液pH值对固液分离效果的影响,论述了卧式螺旋卸料沉降离心机的基本结构、设备参数和操作参数对固液分离效果的影响。     

基于固液分离预处理的餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵

研究不同预处理方法所获餐厨垃圾浆料的半连续式厌氧发酵效果,评价该类餐厨垃圾的产甲烷资源化潜能.结果表明,固液油三相分离预处理后的液相餐厨垃圾作为进料较固液混合相餐厨垃圾在厌氧发酵时具有更高的VS去除率,实际产甲烷潜能和甲烷转化率,分别为91.2％,531.5mLCH4/gVS和54.3％,表明液相餐厨垃圾半连续中温湿式...     

Volatilization of heavy metals during incineration of municipal solid wastes

Incineration experiments with MSW, which had been impregnated with heavy metals, were presented to obtain information on the volatilization behavior of the elements cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) under different conditions. Experiments were carried out in a bubbling fluid bed system connected to a customized inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy(ICP-OES) for analyzing metals in the flue gas. The results indicated that the combustion temperature, the gas atmosphere, and the chlorine content in the flue gas could affect the volatilization behavior of heavy metals. In the fluidized bed combustion, a large surface area was provided by the bed sand particles, and they may act as absorbents for the gaseous ash-forming compound. Comparer with the metals Cd and Pb, the vaporization of Zn was low. The formation of stable compounds such as ZnO.Al2O3 could greatly decrease the metals volatilization. The presence of chlorine would enhance the volatilization of heavy metals by increasing the formation of metal chlorides. However, when the oxygen content was high, the chlorinating reaction was kinetically hindered, which heavy metals release would be delayed.     

温州临江垃圾焚烧发电厂飞灰的性质研究

研究了温州临江垃圾焚烧发电厂生活垃圾焚烧产生飞灰的物理和化学性质。飞灰为含水率低、颗粒尺寸集中在43~175μm之间的灰色粉末,主要由Si、Al、Ca、Mg、Fe、Na、K、C和S元素组成。飞灰中Pb、Cd的浸出浓度在酸性条件下都不同程度地高于我国危险废物鉴别标准的允许浓度,其中Pb的浸出浓度在pH值1.06~13.69条件下远远超标,碱性条件下浸出毒性比酸性条件下小。矿物组成主要为石英(SiO2)、赤铁矿αFe2O3、钙长石CaO.Al2O3.2SiO2、钙铝黄长石2CaO.Al2O3.SiO2、KCl、NaCl、CaCO、PbO、TiO2、ZnCO3等,溶解盐含量高达19.5%,化学反应活性较强,热稳定性较差。     

Application of environmentally conscious manufacturing strategies for an automotive component

Application of appropriate environmentally conscious manufacturing strategies enables the sustainable development of products and processes. Automotive component manufacturers recognise the potential of applying appropriate strategies for attaining Triple Bottom Line benefits. In this context, three strategies such as eco-efficiency, waste minimisation and material efficiency are being applied to minimise environmental impacts associated with the manufacture of automotive products and its associated processes. A case study of an automotive component manufacturing firm has been exemplified. After conducting the study, the potential environmental impact was reduced by 20% and eco-efficiency was improved by 13%. Further, improvements have been observed in terms of overall resource consumption and material efficiency. The overall power consumption was reduced by 18% and weight of the component was reduced by 11%. The study aimed at improving the sustainable performance of product by incorporating green and environmentally friendlier manufacturing practices.

Abbreviations: USEPA: United Nations Environmental Protection Agency; OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; WBCSD: World Business Council for Sustainable Development; Eco-QFD: Environmental Quality Function Deployment; WCED: World Commission on Environment and Development; LCA: Life Cycle Assessment     

扩散渗析法回收盐酸酸洗废水中的盐酸

为了从盐酸酸洗废水中回收盐酸,在静态扩散条件下采用模拟废水分别测定了HCl、FeCl_2在不同阴离子交换膜中的渗析速率以考察膜的分离性能,进而采用实际废水考察动态扩散时流量、流量比对回收率及回收酸浓度的影响.结果表明,用3362膜与DF120膜时,HCl的平均渗析速率分别为2.44×10~(-3) m/h和5.46×10~(-3) m/h,FeCl_2的平均渗析速率分别为1.49×10~(-4) m/h和2.67×10~(-4) m/h,酸盐分离系数可分别达到16.4和23.7.水酸流量比维持在1左右,流量维持在0.35 L/h的条件下,回收酸中盐酸浓度分别为0.26 mol/L和0.43 mol/L,FeCl_2浓度均小于0.002 mol/L,酸回收率分别为40%和65%,FeCl_2透过率均小于8%.     

粉煤灰添加对城市多源有机废弃物联合堆肥效能及堆体细菌群落的影响

为实现粉煤灰和多源有机废弃物的高效资源化利用,采用好氧堆肥的方法,以厨余垃圾、鸡粪和锯末（15:5:2）混合原料为底物,添加底物总湿重的5 %和10 %的粉煤灰作为处理组（5 % FA和10 % FA）,并以不添加粉煤灰作为对照处理（CK）,通过测定联合堆肥过程中理化性质、养分元素和细菌群落结构的变化,探究不同粉煤灰添加量对联合堆肥的促进效果.结果表明,添加5 %和10 %粉煤灰可以显著提高联合堆肥的最高温度（56.6 ℃和56.9 ℃）并延长高温期持续时间（9 d）,相较于对照处理,堆体总养分含量分别提高了4.09 %和13.55 %.在整个堆肥过程中,细菌群落结构发生了较大变化,各处理的细菌多样性均出现了明显的提高.在堆肥前期,变形菌门（Proteobacteria）是主要的优势门类,相对丰度在35.26 %~39.40 %之间.进入堆肥高温期,添加5 %和10 %粉煤灰处理中厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）相对丰度达到最高值,分别为52.46 %和67.72 %.芽孢杆菌属（Bacillus）和放线菌属（Thermobifida）是5 %和10 %粉煤灰添加量处理高温期的优势菌属,相对丰度分别为33.41 %和62.89 %（芽孢杆菌属）、33.06 %和12.23 %（放线菌属）.冗余分析（RDA）结果表明不同理化指标对细菌群落均有不同程度影响,其中有效磷、速效钾、有机质以及pH是影响细菌群落结构的主要环境因子.综上,添加粉煤灰促进了城市多源有机废弃物联合好氧堆肥的无害化和腐熟化,优化了微生物群落结构,提高堆肥产品的质量和效率.