铜冶炼企业危险废物规范化管理措施研究

危险废物会对人体健康甚至区域环境安全造成严重威胁,文章通过对某大型铜冶炼企业危险废物管理现状的调查分析,发现企业在危险废物管理中缺乏针对性,铜冶炼企业危废存在含水率多、泄漏环节多、废矿物油收集范围大等问题,笔者依据有关环境保护法律法规,结合实际工作经验,从企业自身管理、人员培训、风险控制等方面提出更加精细化的管理,逐步规范危险废物管理,减少危险废物对环境的污染.     

构建中国快递行业包装废弃物产业链对环境影响重要性研究

互联网和电子商务的快速发展带动了快递行业的飞速发展,使社会对快递包装物的需求增加.庞大的快递废弃物给环境造成了严重的破坏.然而由于相关法律不健全、回收体系不完整、企业不积极以及回收渠道少等原因导致了中国的快递包装废弃物回收率非常低.构建快递包装废弃物回收产业链,并降低快递包装废弃物对环境造成的影响就成了社会经济发展的一个迫切需要.为此推广环保材料和环保产品以及提高消费者环保意识入手,构建快递包装废弃物回收产业链势在必行.     

省级生态保护红线划定实践研究 ——以青岛市为例

在省级及以上禁止开发区、重点生态功能保护区等进行调查分析的基础上,以青岛市为实践区域,与多类规划衔接,划定青岛市省级生态保护红线.青岛市最终划定59处省级生态保护红线区,面积合计1120.65 km2,占国土面积的9.9%.划定的生态保护红线符合确立"三生"空间和落实"多规合一"的要求,有利于改善生态系统服务功能,保障人居环境安全,增强经济社会可持续发展能力,对于青岛市市级生态保护红线的划定和生态安全格局的构建具有非常重要的意义.     

餐厨垃圾处理厂规划用地控制标准研究

介绍了现有规范中餐厨垃圾处理厂用地标准,分析了现有标准中处理厂分类标准以及综合用地指标等方面存在的问题,结合现状全国餐厨垃圾处理厂建设情况对处理厂处理工艺进行了分析,并重点对影响处理厂用地面积的两个核心因素——设计规模和用地指标进行了研究,从而得出科学合理的处理厂规划用地控制标准.规划新增餐厨垃圾处理厂时应采用先进工艺(如厌氧&好氧协同工艺),经分析表明应依据实际情况并参考现有工程案例的分析结果确定设计规模和用地指标.     

关于医疗垃圾飞灰中二噁英在惰性气氛下的低温热脱附研究

以医疗垃圾焚烧炉布袋除尘器前管道内飞灰(BG)及布袋除尘器后飞灰(AG)为对象,研究不同温度及时间段下其在管式炉中的热脱附特性.结果表明,在低温氮气气氛下,热脱附作用较为明显,2种飞灰中的二噁英都有了不同程度的脱除,其中布袋前飞灰中二噁英的脱除率为82.9%～99.9%之间,毒性当量脱除率为77.3%～99.8%,布袋后飞灰中二噁英的脱除率为66.8%～99.8%之间,毒性当量脱除率为43.5%～99.6%.检测收集到的实验尾气,发现了二噁英的存在,且在300～350℃这个温度段生成量最多,且生成的有毒二噁英同系物中以OCDD为主.通过比较发现,当温度为400℃,加热时间为45 min时2种飞灰中的二噁英脱除效率最高.鉴于惰性气氛下的热脱附对处理飞灰中的二噁英具有较好的作用,可将其大规模应用于实际工程中.     

放射性废水的膜处理技术研究进展

核燃料的生产、核电厂的运行、同位素的生产和使用等过程都会产生着大量的放射性废水,为了保护环境和人类健康,这些废水必须经过安全、经济和有效的处理处置.放射性废水传统的处理方法主要包括过滤法、离子交换法、蒸发法或这几种工艺的组合.近年来,膜分离技术在放射性废水处理中得到了广泛的研究,发达国家已有应用膜分离技术处理放射性废水的实例,而我国规模化应用的实例还很少见.本文首先介绍了放射性废水的来源及组成,分析了各种放射性废水处理方法的优势和不足,包括化学沉淀法、过滤法、离子交换法、蒸发浓缩法、吸附法、生物还原/吸附法和膜分离法等.在此基础上,重点介绍了各种膜分离技术,包括微滤、超滤、纳滤、反渗透、膜蒸馏等在放射性废水处理中研究与应用现状,对已有的文献资料进行了较系统全面的分析、归纳和总结,对各种方法的优缺点及适用范围进行了比较,对膜技术在放射性废水处理中的应用前景及问题进行了讨论.最后,简要介绍了放射性废水处理产生的浓缩产物的最终处理处置,对放射性废水处理技术未来的研究和发展方向给出了建议.     

生活垃圾填埋过程含水率变化研究

为分析垃圾在好氧和厌氧条件下降解过程中含水率变化的规律,采用时域反射测量(time domain reflectometry,TDR)技术监测了垃圾填埋过程中含水率的变化情况.结果表明,填埋过程中垃圾体积含水率随时间逐渐增大,垃圾持水性能不断提高.好氧初期垃圾内水量变化与含水率变化正相关,好氧后期则为负相关;厌氧填埋过程中,垃圾沉降压缩是含水率变化的主要原因.垃圾TDR读数与基于物质衡算的垃圾体积含水率计算值之间有较好的相关性,好氧填埋过程两者最大偏差约为±5%,厌氧填埋过程两者最大偏差约为±2%,TDR技术适用于实际填埋工程的含水率测量.     

直接大红4BE的磷钨酸均相光催化还原脱色

以磷钨酸(H3PW12O40,PW12)为光催化剂,异丙醇(Isopropanol)作为电子给体的条件下对偶氮染料直接大红4BE进行均相光催化还原脱色研究,考察PW12用量、IS浓度、直接大红4BE和盐浓度等因素的影响,结果表明杂多蓝(PW1-2)对直接大红4BE具有明显的还原脱色作用.pH=2.0,直接大红4BE初始浓度50 mg·L-1,PW12浓度为600 mg·L-1,IS浓度为0.13mol·L-1,50 min直接大红4BE的脱色率可达到90.39%.4BE的光催化还原脱色速率随PW12和IS浓度的增加而增加,最后趋于恒定;直接大红4BE初始浓度增加,其光反应一级速率常数降低;PW12、IS和4BE浓度之间存在交互影响.离子强度增加,4BE脱色速率减小,表现为负的盐效应,推测4BE与光反应生成的杂多蓝(PW1-2)进行复合,然后发生电子转移引起偶氮染料还原脱色和杂多蓝氧化复原.本研究结果表明PW12/IS/UV能够有效用于偶氮染料直接大红4BE的还原脱色处理.     

Quantitative analysis of microbial biomass yield in aerobic bioreactor

We have studied the integrated model of reaction rate equations with thermal energy balance in aerobic bioreactor for food waste decomposition and showed that the integrated model has the capability both of monitoring microbial activity in real time and of analyzing biodegradation kinetics and thermal-hydrodynamic properties. On the other hand, concerning microbial metabolism, it was known that balancing catabolic reactions with anabolic reactions in terms of energy and electron flow provides stoichiometric metabolic reactions and enables the estimation of microbial biomass yield (stoichiometric reaction model). We have studied a method for estimating real-time microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during food waste decomposition by combining the integrated model with the stoichiometric reaction model. As a result, it was found that the time course of microbial biomass yield in the bioreactor during decomposition can be evaluated using the operational data of the bioreactor (weight of input food waste and bed temperature) by the combined model. The combined model can be applied to manage a food waste decomposition not only for controlling system operation to keep microbial activity stable, but also for producing value–added products such as compost on optimum condition.     

Waste oyster shell as a kind of active filler to treat the combined wastewater at an estuary

Estuaries have been described as one of the most difficult environments on Earth. It is difficult to know how to treat the combined wastewater in tidal rivers at the estuary, where the situation is very different from ordinary fresh water rivers. Waste oyster shell was used as the active filler in this study in a bio-contact oxidation tank to treat the combined wastewater at the Fengtang Tidal River. With a middle-experimental scale of 360 ma/day, the average removal efficiency of COD, BOD, NH3-N, TP and TSS was 80.05%, 85.02%, 86.59%, 50.58% and 85.32%, respectively, in this bio-contact oxidation process. The living microbes in the biofilms on the waste oyster shell in this bio-contact oxidation tank, which were mainly composed of zoogloea, protozoa and micro-metazoa species, revealed that waste oyster shell as the filler was suitable material for combined wastewater degradation. This treatment method using waste oyster shell as active filler was then applied in a mangrove demonstration area for water quality improvement near the experiment area, with a treatment volume of 5 × 10^3 m^3/day. Another project was also successfully applied in a constructed wetland, with a wastewater treatment volume of 1 ×10^3 m^3/day. This technology is therefore feasible and can easily be applied on a larger scale,