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181.
Arcos D Grandia F Domènech C Fernández AM Villar MV Muurinen A Carlsson T Sellin P Hernán P 《Journal of contaminant hydrology》2008,102(3-4):196-209
The KBS-3 underground nuclear waste repository concept designed by the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Co. (SKB) includes a bentonite buffer barrier surrounding the copper canisters and the iron insert where spent nuclear fuel will be placed. Bentonite is also part of the backfill material used to seal the access and deposition tunnels of the repository. The bentonite barrier has three main safety functions: to ensure the physical stability of the canister, to retard the intrusion of groundwater to the canisters, and in case of canister failure, to retard the migration of radionuclides to the geosphere. Laboratory experiments (< 10 years long) have provided evidence of the control exerted by accessory minerals and clay surfaces on the pore water chemistry. The evolution of the pore water chemistry will be a primordial factor on the long-term stability of the bentonite barrier, which is a key issue in the safety assessments of the KBS-3 concept.In this work we aim to study the long-term geochemical evolution of bentonite and its pore water in the evolving geochemical environment due to climate change. In order to do this, reactive transport simulations are used to predict the interaction between groundwater and bentonite which is simulated following two different pathways: (1) groundwater flow through the backfill in the deposition tunnels, eventually reaching the top of the deposition hole, and (2) direct connection between groundwater and bentonite rings through fractures in the granite crosscutting the deposition hole. The influence of changes in climate has been tested using three different waters interacting with the bentonite: present-day groundwater, water derived from ice melting, and deep-seated brine. Two commercial bentonites have been considered as buffer material, MX-80 and Deponit CA-N, and one natural clay (Friedland type) for the backfill. They show differences in the composition of the exchangeable cations and in the accessory mineral content. Results from the simulations indicate that pore water chemistry is controlled by the equilibrium with the accessory minerals, especially carbonates. pH is buffered by precipitation/dissolution of calcite and dolomite, when present. The equilibrium of these minerals is deeply influenced by gypsum dissolution and cation exchange reactions in the smectite interlayer. If carbonate minerals are initially absent in bentonite, pH is then controlled by surface acidity reactions in the hydroxyl groups at the edge sites of the clay fraction, although its buffering capacity is not as strong as the equilibrium with carbonate minerals. The redox capacity of the bentonite pore water system is mainly controlled by Fe(II)-bearing minerals (pyrite and siderite). Changes in the groundwater composition lead to variations in the cation exchange occupancy, and dissolution–precipitation of carbonate minerals and gypsum. The most significant changes in the evolution of the system are predicted when ice-melting water, which is highly diluted and alkaline, enters into the system. In this case, the dissolution of carbonate minerals is enhanced, increasing pH in the bentonite pore water. Moreover, a rapid change in the population of exchange sites in the smectite is expected due to the replacement of Na for Ca. 相似文献
182.
The main objective of this paper is to examine pollution threat, especially to the groundwater resources, around Tarapur industrial
area (also called the Tarapur MIDC area) located on the Arabian Sea Coast in Thane District of Maharashtra State, India and
suggest remedial measures that may also be relevant to other industrial areas on the Indian Sea Coast. One hundred and thirty
one samples were collected from various sources, such as dugwells, borewells, dug-cum-borewells, effluent sumps, drainage
channels (effluent channels), creeks and ocean, for chemical analyses. These analyses show that the area in general is characterized
by hard water and high salinity hazard, possibly due to its proximity and hydraulic connection with the sea. Although the
potability of groundwater is questionable in certain pockets, it is good enough for irrigation purposes at present. Low pH
value and high heavy metal contents in the adjoining Muramba creek water is a matter of great concern and may be attributed
to the indiscriminate disposal of industrial effluents to the drainage channels connecting the creek. Muramba Creek is well
connected with the Arabian Sea, and there are evidences of seawater intrusion around this creek. Because of the fact that
Muramba Creek is highly polluted, and is hydraulically connected with the dugwells and borewells surrounding the creek, it
cannot be ruled out that the groundwater around this creek is susceptible to contamination. Unless measures are not taken
immediately to stop the indiscriminate disposal of the solid wastes and liquid effluents in open ground and drainage channels,
and measures are not taken to maintain the appropriate pH values at the effluent treatment facilities before their disposal,
the problem would indeed be formidable one day, and it will be too late then for the authorities to take care of the resulting
maladies. Few suggestions have been given for controlling and managing the industrial pollution around the Tarapur MIDC area.
These suggestions are relevant to other industrial areas situated on the 7,000 km long Indian Sea Coast. 相似文献
183.
Relation of waste generation and composition to socio-economic factors: a case study 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Bandara NJ Hettiaratchi JP Wirasinghe SC Pilapiiya S 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2007,135(1-3):31-39
To develop an effective waste management strategy for a given region, it is important to know the amount of waste generated
and the composition of the waste stream. Past research has shown that the amount of waste generated is proportional to the
population and the average mean living standards or the average income of the people. In addition, other factors may affect
the amount and composition of waste. These are climate, living habits, level of education, religious and cultural beliefs,
and social and public attitudes. This paper presents the findings of a study carried out in a suburban municipal area in Sri
Lanka to determine the solid waste generation rate and waste composition based on field surveys and to determine the related
socio-economic factors. A database was developed that included information on the quantity and composition of waste generated
in a sample of households in the study area over a time period. The collected data was analysed to relate waste generation
and composition data to various socio-economic factors. Over 400 sample households were selected for the study using a stratified
random sampling methodology based on municipal wards and property values. A technique that considers both the number of households
in a particular income group (property value range) and the standard deviation of property values within a given income group
was used to determine the appropriate sample size for each municipal ward. Through category and regression analyses, the quantities
of waste and waste composition were related to several socio-economic factors. The paper describes the basis for the sample
selection, the methodology adopted for data collection, the socio-economic parameters used for the analysis, and the relationships
developed from the analysis. 相似文献
184.
生物滤池对气相与液相中污染物质的净化 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
通过实验室研究探讨了生物滤池同时处理废水和废气的可行性。试验结果表明:在25℃-37℃条件下,甲苯废气的流量为90L/h,甲苯浓度为500mg/m^3;废水的流量为0.4L/h,CODcr浓度为400-750mg/L,甲苯与CODcr的去除率分别是70%-72%和86%-89%。 相似文献
185.
城市生活垃圾生命周期管理 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20
生命周期评价是一种全面的环境管理工具,具有潜在的发展前景。0它通过对产品,产品系统,工艺活动整个生命周期的环境影响环境改善的机会进行评价。根据国际环境毒理与化学学会1993年和ISO14000环境管理体系中关于生命周期评价的技术框架,本文应生命周期评价在城市生产垃圾管理系统中的作用及管理系统的清单分析,影响评价和改善评价进行研究。 相似文献
186.
生物过滤技术在大气污染控制中的应用 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
周琪 《城市环境与城市生态》1998,11(1):17-21
生物过滤是控制大气污染的经济有效技术,具有较好的发展前景。本文介绍了生物过滤技术处理废气的研究,应用历史,现状,和生物过滤理论,分析了工艺的使用范围,设计及运行控制要点,列举了应用的范例。 相似文献
187.
Joanna Burger Jessica Sanchez J. Whitfield Gibbons Jeanine Ondrof Robert Ramos Michael J. McMahon Karen F. Gaines Christine Lord Marie Fulmer Michael Gochfeld 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1999,57(2):195-211
Although considerable attention is devoted to environmental monitoring and assessment with respect to both pollutants and the status of particular plant or animal populations, less attention is devoted to assessing people's attitudes about the relative importance of ecological resources. In this paper we examine the attitudes and perceptions about ecological resources of people living around the Department of Energy's Savannah River Site (SRS), in South Carolina. Our overall hypothesis is that people who are directly affected by the possible outcomes and consequences of a particular hazard (i.e., those people employed at SRS) will undervalue the risks and overvalue the potential benefits from future land uses that favor continued site activity, compared to people who live near but are not employed at SRS. We interviewed 286 people attending the Aiken Trials horse show on 14 March 1997. There were few gender differences, although men hunted and fished more than women, women ranked three environmental concerns as more severe than did men, and women were more concerned about the effect of SRS on property values. Maintenance of SRS as a National Environmental Research Park ranked first as a future land use; nuclear production ranked second, followed by hunting and hiking. Only residential development ranked very low as a future land use. There were many differences as a function of employment history at SRS: 1) people who work at SRS think that the federal government should spend funds to clean up all nuclear facilities, and they think less money should be spent on other environmental problems than did non-employees, 2) people who work at SRS ranked continued current uses of SRS higher than did people who never worked at SRS, and 3) people who work at SRS are less concerned about the storage of nuclear material or accidents at the site than are people who never worked at the site. 相似文献
188.
高压热水液化厨余垃圾的可行性研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
以高压热水为反应媒体处理厨余垃圾,得到液、气、固3种产物,并用GC-MS、GC-TCD和元素分析的方法对产物进行了表征。结果表明该技术处理厨余垃圾在实现减量化(达90.6%)和无害化的同时,可以达到资源化的目的。得出最优反应条件为:反应温度400℃,压力21.2 MPa,反应时间为40 min,优化的条件下固、液、气3种产物收率分别为21.5%、55.0%和5.2%。此外,对主要典型产物的形成机理进行了探讨。 相似文献
189.
190.
本研究依托复旦大学意愿—习惯垃圾分类行为理论对上海市不同区域、不同类型的55个社区进行大范围调研,识别出包括设施、志愿者、保洁员、启动、定时定点、租户、管理和绿色账号在内的8个社区内影响居民垃圾分类效果的关键措施指标,并且通过指标与社区实际分类效果的相关性结果证明了该指标体系的有效性。研究结果还表明,上海市社区内影响垃圾分类效果的最主要的措施指标是硬件设施、保洁人员、“定时定点”制度和志愿者。研究结果一方面可以供上海市基层政府人员使用指标体系来进行监督,另一方面也为社区因地制宜地采取措施来提高和巩固社区垃圾分类效果提供了具体的科学支撑。 相似文献