安太堡露天煤矿煤矸石自燃的治理

论迷了安太堡矿煤矸石自燃的原因、特征及治理措施,并对今后的工作提出了几点建议。     

园林植物滞留不同粒径大气颗粒物的特征及规律

为研究常用园林植物滞留大气颗粒物的能力,本文以北京市常用园林植物为例,应用直接采样、电镜分析和统计分析的方法,对选定园林植物滞留不同粒径大气颗粒物的特征及规律进行了系统分析。结果表明：（1）园林植物滞留的颗粒物形状为不规则块体、球体和聚合体,通过对比分析得出,滞留大气颗粒物能力由高到低的微形态结构依次是蜡质结构〉绒毛〉沟槽〉条状突起,并且这些微形态结构越密集、深浅差别越大,越有利于滞留大气颗粒物。（2）以园林植物叶片滞留颗粒物的数量进行统计时,得出园林植物叶片表面大部分为PM10（Dp≤10μm）,均在98%以上,而PM2.5（Dp≤2.5μm）均在90%以上,粗颗粒物（Dp〉10μm）的数量对总体数量的贡献非常小,均在2%以下;以体积进行统计时,得出PM10的体积在总体积中的比例在50%以上,对颗粒物总体积贡献最大,滞留的PM2.5体积占总体积8.5%-17.6%,粗颗粒物（Dp〉10μm）体积占总体积20%以上。（3）对园林植物滞留颗粒物累积规律分析得出：在相同观测叶面积下,园林植物滞尘10 d的叶表面颗粒物数量较滞尘5 d的叶表面颗粒物数量均有所增加,增幅最大的是小叶黄杨（Buxus microphylla）,增幅最小的是月季（Rosa chinensis）,通过方差分析得出绦柳（Salix matsudana f.pendula）叶表面颗粒物数量显著低于除银杏（Ginkgo biloba）之外的其它7种树种,大叶黄杨（Euonymus japonicus）、小叶黄杨和国槐（ Sophora japonica）叶表面滞留颗粒物的数量较多,并且显著高于月季、银杏和绦柳叶表面滞留的颗粒物数量;滞尘10 d后园林植物叶表面滞留的颗粒物的总面积均未超过观测叶面积的25%,至于叶片持续滞留颗粒物多少天后达到饱和状态仍需进一步研究。     

Simultaneous copper bioaccumulation,growth and lipase production of Rhizopus delemar in molasses medium: optimisation of environmental conditions using RSM

In this study, the bioaccumulation of Cu(II) ions by R. delemar and their influence on growth of the microorganism were assessed, and the impact of Cu(II) ions on the activity of lipase enzyme degradation of lipids in wastewaters by enzymatic hydrolysis was received for consideration. Optimisation of Cu(II) bioaccumulation process was performed by varying three independent parameters (pH, temperature and Cu(II) concentration) using a central composite design (CCD) under response surface methodology (RSM). For the maximum Cu(II) bioaccumulation and lipase production at a desired level of the biomass concentration level, a total of 20 experimental runs were set and the experimental data fitted to the empirical second-order polynomial models. The adequacies of the predicted models for the Cu(II) bioaccumulation, lipase activity and biomass concentration were confirmed by the coefficients of multiple regression (R²), which were adjusted to be 99.6%, 94.5%, 93.4%, respectively indicating reasonably good models for practical implementation. A maximum Cu(II) bioaccumulation of 36.81 mg/L was obtained at pH 6.0, at 32.6°C, and at 50 mg/L initial Cu(II) concentration. The lipase activity of R. delemar decreased only from 505 U/L in Cu(II)-free fermentation medium to 476 U/L in the presence of Cu(II) giving 5.74% decrease in lipase activity.     

Level of environmental threat posed by horticultural trade in Cactaceae

Ornamental horticulture has been identified as an important threat to plant biodiversity and is a major pathway for plant invasions worldwide. In this context, the family Cactaceae is particularly challenging because it is considered the fifth most threatened large taxonomic group in the world; several species are among the most widespread and damaging invasive species; and Cactaceae is one of the most popular horticultural plant groups. Based on the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna and the 11 largest online auction sites selling cacti, we documented the international cactus trade. To provide an in‐depth look at the dynamics of the industry, we surveyed the businesses involved in the cactus trade in South Africa (a hotspot of cactus trade and invasions). We purchased seeds of every available species and used DNA barcoding to identify species to the genus level. Although <20% of this trade involved threatened species and <3% involved known invasive species, many species were identified by a common name. However, only 0.02% of the globally traded cacti were collected from wild populations. Despite a large commercial network, all South African imports (of which 15% and 1.5% were of species listed as threatened and invasive, respectively) came from the same source. With DNA barcoding, we identified 24% of the species to genus level. Based on our results, we believe that if trade restrictions are placed on the small proportion of cacti that are invasive and there is no major increase in harvesting of native populations, then the commercial trade in cactus poses a negligible environmental threat. However, there are currently no effective methods for easily identifying which cacti are traded, and both the illicit harvesting of cacti from the wild and the informal trade in invasive taxa pose on‐going conservation challenges.     

典型城市污水中对羟基苯甲酸酯的污染特征

对羟基苯甲酸酯(parabens)作为防腐剂、防霉剂和杀菌剂等被广泛应用于食品、化妆品和药品中.近年来的研究表明,该类化合物能够在地表水体中检出,对水生生态环境存在潜在的危害.本研究于2016年秋季和冬季,对哈尔滨某典型城市污水处理厂进水进行了24 h连续采集,对6种parabens的质量浓度和4种常规水质指标进行了分析.结果表明,parabens普遍存在于城市污水中,对羟基苯甲酸甲酯、对羟基苯甲酸乙酯和对羟基苯甲酸丙酯是主要目标物,总有机碳、总溶解固体和酸碱度与parabens的浓度具有相关性;城市污水中parabens的质量浓度具有明显的日变化趋势,但是季节差异性不大.本研究结果为城市污水处理系统中parabens的深入研究和污染控制提供了重要理论依据.     

腈纶废水溶解性有机物的分级解析及可生化性

采用超滤膜法将腈纶废水中溶解性有机物分离为6个不同相对分子质量组分,分析不同组分的溶解性有机碳、UV₂₅₄、SUVA含量和分布情况,应用紫外吸收光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱等光谱学分析方法对各组分物质结构进行定性分析,评价各组分的可生化性.结果表明废水中以相对分子质量< 3kDa的有机物为主,占比为（56.75±1.38）%;相对分子质量为3k~10kDa的有机物占比为（25.76±1.40）%;相对分子质量> 10kDa的有机物占比为（17.49±0.98）%,且该组分有机物的芳香度高.不同相对分子质量组分的紫外光谱和红外光谱均呈现相似吸收峰,均存在酰基、羧基、羰基及芳香族化合物和不饱和双键类有机物.各组分可生化性结果表明,废水中相对分子质量> 10kDa有机物是腈纶废水低可生化性的主要原因,可能是造成腈纶废水难以达标排放的根源.研究结果可为该废水处理工艺的开发与优化提供重要的指导.     

三维电解法深度处理电解锰废水技术研究

实验研究了模拟含锰废水在三维电解槽中的电化学氧化过程.考察了电解时间、电解电压及锰废水初始浓度对锰去除效果的影响,并确定适宜的反应条件.实验表明,在填充活性炭与树脂的条件下,在低电压短时间内,充分提高填充粒子的利用率,达到较好的锰离子去除效果.     

聚合氯化铝与三氯化铁混凝剂在常规水处理中的运用

通过聚合氯化铅与三氯化铁在常规水处理的生产性实验，从经济成本、水质指标和实际使用存在的问题对其进行分析比较，并比较了两种混凝剂在常规水处理中的优缺点。     

铁炭内电解法处理染料废水的试验

文章采用铁屑一活性炭内电解法作为光合细菌生化处理染料废水的预处理方法，考查了3个主要影响因素（铁炭比、停留时间、初始pH值）。结果表明，最佳的处理条件为：铁炭比为7：3，pH值为5，停留时间为60min。在上述最佳处理条件下，对初始COD为6790mg／L的染料废水处理效率可以达到66．1％，并且废水经预处理后可生化性得到大大提高，有利于后续生化处理的进行。     

SBR工艺处理维生素C废水试验研究

采用颗粒污泥和普通絮体污泥SBR反应器对维生素C生产废水进行可生化性对比试验研究，结果表明，在进水CODcr为400—1800mg／L，运行周期为8h，其中曝气时间为5．5h，换水比为80％的条件下，颗粒污泥反应器CODer去除率为75-90％，污泥浓度介于6．11～8．32g／L，污泥指数为20～40mL／g.