酸化油水解废水脱酸处理工艺研究

酸化油是生产生物柴油的原料,其生产过程中产生的水解废水有机物含量高且具有强酸性,直接排放会严重污染环境。因此,对酸化油水解废水处理工艺进行研究有重要意义。通过对酸化油水解废水脱酸处理的条件及影响因素进行研究,并通过L9(34)正交实验确定了脱酸的最佳工艺条件。pH值为10,搅拌时间为15 min,温度为30℃是脱酸处理的最佳条件。     

热电厂再生水回用工艺分析

介绍一套日处理量14 400 t的再生水回用工艺,该工艺应用预处理+反渗透工艺深度处理二级城市污水并将产水回用于热电厂的循环冷却水及锅炉补给水的源水,分析了该工艺关键单元的特点。运行结果表明:该工艺可行,产水各项指标满足该热电厂对回用水的要求。最后,对工艺运行过程中出现的问题提出解决办法和改进建议。     

攀钢炼钢厂提钒转炉浊环水水质稳定研究

在对转炉提钒浊环水质状况进行分析化验的基础上提出了水质调整措施,实施后有效地稳定了提钒浊环水质,改善了因提钒浊环酸性水质导致的缺陷,较好地满足了生产需要。     

Partitioning of water soluble organic carbon in three sediment size fractions： Effect of the humic substances

Water soluble organic carbon (WSOC) in sediments plays an important role in transference and transformation of aquatic pollutants. This article investigated the inherent mechanisms of how sediemnt grain size affect the partitioning coeffcient (k) of WSOC. Influences of NaOH extracted humic substances were particularly focused on. Sediments were sampled from two cross-sections of the middle Yellow River and sieved into three size fractions (< 63 μm, 63-100 μm, and 100--300 μm). The total concentration of WSOC in sediments (CWSOC) and k were estimated using multiple water-sediment ratio experiments. Results show that CWSOC ranges from 0.012 to 0.022 mg/g, while k ranges from 0.8 to 3.9 L/kg. Correlations between the spectrum characteristics of NaOH extracted humic substances and k were analyzed. Strong positive correlations are determined between k and the aromaticity indicators of NaOH extracted humic substances in different sediment size fractions. Comparing with finer fractions (< 63 μm), k is higher in larger size fractions (63--100 and 100--300 μm) related to higher aromaticity degree of NaOH extracted humic substances mostly. While negative relationship between k and the area ratio of fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) at 3400 and 1430 cm-1 implied that the lowest k was related to the highest concentration of the acidic humic groups in particles < 63 μm. WSOC in finer fractions (< 63 μm) is likely to enter into pore water, which may further accelerate the transportation of aquatic contaminants from sediment to water.     

A bioaugmentation failure caused by phage infection and weak biofilmformation ability

Two biological aerated filters (BAF) were setup for ammonia removal treatment of the circulation water in a marine aquaculture. Oneof the BAFs was bioaugmented with a heterotrophic nitrifying bacterium, Lutimonas sp. H10, where the ammonia removal was notimproved and the massive inoculation was even followed by a nitrification breakdown from day 9 to 18. The nitrification was remainedstable in control BAF operated under the same conditions. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted probes andcultivable method revealed that Lutimonas sp. H10 almost disappeared from the bioaugomented BAF within 3 d, and this was mainlydue to the infection of a specific phage as revealed by flask experiment, plaque assay and transmission electron observation. Analysesof 16S rRNA gene libraries showed that bacterial groups from two reactors evolved di erently and an overgrowth of protozoa wasobserved in the bioaugmented BAF. Therefore, phage infection and poor biofilm forming ability of the inoculated strain are the mainreasons for bioaugmentation failure. In addition, grazing by protozoa of the bacteria might be the reason for the nitrification breakdownin bioaugmented BAF during day 9–18.     

Development and application of a two-dimensional water quality model for theDaqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake

Water quality models are important tools to support the optimization of aquatic ecosystem rehabilitation programs and assess their efficiency. Basing on the flow conditions of the Daqinghe River Mouth of the Dianchi Lake, China, two-dimensional water quality model was developed in the research. The hydrodynamics module was numerically solved by the alternating direction iteration (ADI) method. The parameters of the water quality module were obtained through the in situ experiments and the lab analyses that were conducted from 2006 to 2007. The model was calibrated and verified by the observation data in 2007. Among the four modelled key variables that were water level, CODcr, NH3-N and PO4-P, the minimum value of the coefficient of determination (CoD) was 0.69, which mean the model performed reasonably well. The developed model was then applied to simulate the water quality changes at the downstream cross-section assuming that the designed restoration programs were implemented. According to the simulated results, the restoration programs could cut down the loads of CODcr and PO4-P about 15%, however, they would have very little effect on the NH3-N removal. Besides, the water quality at the outlet cross-section would be still in class V (3838-02), indicating more measures should be taken to further reduce the loads. The study demonstrated the capability of water quality models to support aquatic ecosystem restorations.     

沂河4条支流浮游植物多样性季节动态与水质评价

2006年11月—2007年8月对沂河4条支流水体浮游植物展开调查. 结果表明:东汶河、蒙河、涑河和柳青河内检测到的浮游植物分别为75,67,70和80种,浮游植物种类组成和细胞密度季节变化明显. 东汶河、蒙河、涑河和柳青河水体浮游植物Shannon-Wiener指数分别为2.97～3.96,3.05～3.35,2.86～4.02和1.74～2.89;Margalef指数分别为2.92～4.42,2.44～4.03,3.07～5.38和1.23～2.76;Pielou指数分别为0.78～0.92,0.71～0.94,0.73～0.89和0.48～0.90. 4条支流的细胞密度分别为1.54×107～5.69×107,0.28×107～12.64×107,0.97×107～3.19×107和4.17×107～9.96×107 L-1. 综合水质评价结果:东汶河和蒙河为β-中污型—寡污型,涑河为β-中污型—清洁型,柳青河为α-中污型—β-中污型. 水质从优至劣排序为涑河＞东汶河＞蒙河＞柳青河. 东汶河和涑河为温度制约型,蒙河和柳青河为温度和营养盐制约型.      

贵阳市城区路侧土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价

研究了贵阳市城区各交通干线两侧表层土壤中重金属的质量分数、空间分布特征及其影响因素.以基线作为参比值,采用地积累指数法对其污染程度进行评价.结果表明:各交通干道两侧土壤中重金属质量分数存在显著差异,除Pb和Cr外,其余重金属质量分数均高于中国表层土壤重金属元素背景值和贵阳市表层土壤重金属元素基线值. 整体上,贵阳市路侧土壤尚未受到Pb和Cr的污染,其w(Hg),w(Cd)和w(Zn)已达中度污染甚至强污染水平,同时各路段也受到了不同程度的As,Cu和Ni污染,但并不严重. 据调查,路侧土壤中重金属质量分数及其分布格局主要受到燃煤、交通运输、地形及路况、气象因素以及城市建设等的影响.      

有机氯农药在海河干流水体和菹草中的浓度分布

于2008年3月29日—5月25日对海河干流水体和菹草中的有机氯农药(OCPs)——六六六(HCHs)和滴滴涕(DDTs)的分布进行了采样调查. 结果表明,水体中ρ(HCHs)和ρ(DDTs)分别为3.95～20.15和6.88～35.23 ng/L,平均值为11.11和15.34 ng/L;菹草中w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)分别为2.17～7.82和1.40～22.80 ng/g,平均值分别为4.49和7.79 ng/g,菹草生长旺盛期的w(HCHs)和w(DDTs)最高,其变化主要受水体中ρ(HCHs)和ρ(DDTs)的影响;菹草生长旺盛期HCHs和DDTs的PCF值最高;菹草中HCHs的主要成分为γ-HCH,而水体中为β-HCH;DDT是水体和菹草中DDTs的主要成分,但菹草中DDT的相对含量明显低于水体,与水体相比,DDT在菹草中能进一步被降解,且以好氧降解为主.      

基于小波神经网络的芦苇潜流人工湿地水质预测

人工湿地系统对污水的处理效果好,工艺简单,投资运行费用低,但影响其出水水质的因素很多,并且往往是非线性的,因此目前很难将这些影响因素模型化并用于水质预测. 已有的预测方法不是过于复杂就是预测精度不高. 神经网络是一种具有较强预测能力的新方法,适用于各种非线性模型的预测. 在小试研究的基础上,使用3种不同的、经过训练的小波神经网络,对芦苇潜流人工湿地沿程各采样口的水温,ρ(DO),pH,Eh和ρ(COD_Cr)等水质指标进行了预测. 结果显示,各指标的平均相对误差分别为:水温≤4.21%,pH≤1.36%,ρ(DO)≤9.77%,Eh≤6.50%,ρ(COD_Cr)≤17.76%,表明小波神经网络模型适用于人工湿地模型的预测.