串联毛细管柱气相色谱分析石脑油中微量甲基叔丁基醚

应用Agilent 6890 plus 气相色谱仪(配有FID),把一根50 m×0.25 mm×0.5 μm PEG-20M毛细管色谱柱和一根100 m×0.25 mm×0.5 μm HP-1毛细管色谱柱串接,使得甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE)能和石脑油中其它组分完全分离,解决了石脑油中微量MTBE的测定难题.方法的标准偏差是0.20%,回收率为100%.     

水电站项目生态用水工程措施设计

电站引水发电以及堤坝式电站调峰运行将使坝下河段减(脱)水,调水、引水和供水等河道以外用水水利工程也将造成下游河道减(脱)水,水文将对水生生态、生产和生活用水、河道景观等产生一系列的不利影响.为维护河流的基本生态需求,水利水电工程必须下泻一定的生态流量,将其纳入工程水资源配置统筹考虑,使河流水电动能经济规模和水资源配备向"绿色"方向发展.本文以火溪河阴坪水电站为例,简述水电工程下泄生态流量确定的主要方法和下泄生态流量的工程措施设计.     

中草药种植区土壤及草药中重金属含量状况及评价

通过野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了河北省安国市中草药种植区土壤重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd的含量、空间分布特征及草药中重金属含量状况,以及不同中草药对土壤重金属的累积特征,并对种植区土壤和草药重金属污染程度进行了评价.结果表明,种植区土壤重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd含量均值分别为12.9、 0.036、 15.6、 0.118 mg·kg-1,均低于相应<土壤环境质量标准>二级标准值;以土壤背景值为标准评价,单项污染指数评价结果显示,16个中药种植区中土壤 As、Hg、Pb、Cd达轻度污染的比例分别为18.75%、43.75%、0%、100%,且6.25%的种植区土壤Hg污染达到中度水平.综合污染指数评价结果表明,12.5%种植区土壤重金属污染等级为警戒级,其余各地区均处于轻度污染水平;而以<土壤环境质量标准>二级标准值评价,各种植区单项污染指数及综合污染指数结果均<0.7,土壤环境清洁;绝大多数(>95%)种植区草药样品污染指数<1,不同中草药对土壤重金属的累积能力存在明显差异:紫菀、知母对Cd的富集系数及白芷、北沙参对Hg富集系数均>1.因此,在中药GAP(优良农业生产)基地土壤质量评价过程中,应重视中草药自身特性对重金属吸收和累积的影响.     

土壤铅-苯并[a]芘复合污染对小麦种子生长的影响研究

研究了土壤中低含量铅(Pb)-苯并[a]芘(B[a]P)复合污染对小麦种子萌发率、根伸长、芽伸长以及芽根比的影响,以期考察复合污染的生态效应并筛选具有指示土壤污染程度的指标.结果表明,小麦种子萌发率对Pb-B[a]P单一及复合污染均不敏感;Pb和B[a]P单一污染时小麦根伸长均受到一定程度的抑制作用;复合污染条件下Pb...     

Impact analysis of drought, water excess and salinity on grass production in The Netherlands using historical and future climate data

The coupled SWAP-WOFOST model was used to study the effects of increasing salinity of groundwater, drought and water excess on grass production in The Netherlands. WOFOST simulates crop growth and SWAP simulates transport of water, solutes and heat in the vadose zone. The model was tested using several datasets from field experiments. We applied the models at regional scale where we quantified the impact of various groundwater salinity levels on grass growth and production using historical weather data (1971-2000). The salt concentrations in the subsoil were derived from the National Hydrological Instrument. The results show that salinity effects on grass production are limited. In wet years the excess rainfall will infiltrate the soil and reduce salt water seepage. In a next step we used future weather data for the year 2050, derived from 3 Global Circulation Models. From each model we used data from two CO₂ emission scenarios. As expected higher temperatures increased drought stress, however, the production reduction as a result of salt water in the root zone is limited. Salt stress mainly occurred when irrigation was applied with saline water. The increased CO₂ concentration in combination with the limited drought stress resulted in increasing simulated actual and potential yields. Overall conclusion for grassland in The Netherlands: drought stress is stronger than stress caused by water excess which on its turn is stronger than salinity stress. Future water demand for irrigation may increase by 11-19% and result in water scarcity if water supply is insufficient.     

Review of the remediation strategies for soil water repellency

Many regions of the world are predicted to experience water scarcity due to more frequent and more severe droughts and increased water demands. Water use efficiency by plants can be negatively affected by soil water repellency (SWR). It is timely to review existing techniques to remedy SWR. Ideally remediation addresses the origins of a problem. However, the fundamental mechanisms of how and why SWR develops are still poorly understood. In this review it was hypothesized that SWR occurs where the balance of input-decomposition of organic matter is impaired, due to either increased input or decreased decomposition rates of hydrophobic substances. Direct and indirect strategies to remedy SWR were distinguished. While direct remediation aims at abolishing the causes of SWR, indirect strategies seek to manage sites with SWR by treating its symptoms. The 12 reviewed strategies include applying surfactants, clay, slow-release fertilizers, lime, and fungicides, bioremediation of SWR through stimulating earthworms, choosing adapted vegetation, irrigation, cultivation, soil aeration and compaction. Some of the techniques have been applied successfully only in laboratory experiments. Our review highlights that it is not straightforward to cure SWR based on easily measurable and site-specific soil and vegetation properties, and that long-term, large-scale field experiments are required to improve the understanding of the evolution of SWR as cornerstone to develop cost-effective and efficient remediation strategies. We also identified current research gaps around the diagnosis and prevention of SWR.     

辅料配比对污泥生物-物理联合干燥的影响

利用自主研制的污泥生物-物理联合干燥反应系统研究了脱水污泥∶树皮∶回流污泥分别为7∶3∶0.5、9∶3∶0.5和12∶3∶0.5时,污泥生物-物理联合干燥过程中温度、含水率等参数的变化规律.结果表明,污泥温度随干燥时间延长先增大后减小,含水率在0～96 h逐渐降低,继续延长反应时间,则变化不明显.当脱水污泥∶树皮∶回流...     

海河沉积物对菲的吸附解吸行为研究

采用北运河坝河断面、海河干流邓善沽断面及葛沽镇断面表层沉积物及南开花园土为吸附剂,以菲为吸附质进行一系列吸附动力学和吸附-解吸平衡实验研究。结果表明,菲在各颗粒物上的吸附动力学过程,在0-4h内基本可达吸附平衡,刚开始吸附速率很快,然后迅速降低,并逐渐稳定;菲在各颗粒物上的等温平衡吸附可用线性等温线方程及Freundlich方程较好的拟合;不同来源颗粒物对菲的吸附能力随颗粒物中有机质含量增加而增强;葛沽镇颗粒物经高温灼烧处理后,其吸附能力明显降低;各天然颗粒物及不同温度灼烧处理的颗粒物对菲的解吸行为存在不同程度的滞后,灼烧颗粒物的滞后性远远大于原颗粒物,颗粒物中的有机质组分及性质对菲的解吸滞后有重要影响     

改进的模糊层次分析法在南苕溪临安段水质评价中的应用

南苕溪是太湖的源头水系,其水质状况对杭嘉湖平原居民饮用水安全和太湖流域的污染治理有重要意义.为了了解南苕溪的水质状况,在临安段开展了2年的水质监测,分别在2009年7月、10月和2010年1月、4月采集了水样并进行水质评价.同时,为了克服以往模糊层次分析法存在的低估污染的严重性及不能评价劣Ⅴ类水质的缺点,建立了一个改进...     

闽江下游突发性水污染事故时空模拟

以闽江下游为例,基于有限元法建立闽江下游水动力模型及水质模型,通过对模型进行率定和验证,表明该模型具有较理想的模拟效果.在此基础上,利用闽江下游2004年的水文情况,模拟了突发性水污染事故中污染物的运移扩散过程.定量模拟了突发性水污染事故发生后,闽江下游不同地点处污染物到达的时间和浓度值,并对突发风险事故的影响范围、程...