应用模糊综合指数法对伊犁河（伊宁段）水质的综合评价

模糊数学法对伊犁河(伊宁段)水质进行综合评价时,由于分别采用地面水环境质量标准中五类标准值的平均值及其中三个标准值,计算后的结果不一致,而模糊综合指数法避免了这类问题的出现,计算结果比较满意.从而表明,该法是对模糊数学法的进一步改进.     

潜水含水层水位观测孔水位伪变化的观测与分析

结合CIRP试验场包气带的介质结构及渗透性特征，在S9孔进行了短期的孔中水位、孔口气压和温度测量，测量结果表明，观测孔水位波动与大气压变化有关，水位波动具有伪变化。水位伪变化对于试验场潜水位的监测有一定影响，因此，应对带有伪变化的水位观测结果进行必要的修正，以反映潜水位的真实动态。     

兰州市空气质量预报系统研究

从潜势预报、统计预报、数值预报三方面介绍了兰州市空气质量预报系统的研究方法和结构特点,并检验分析了2001年4～10月兰州市空气质量预报,结果表明,此系统具有较强的预报能力,适用于兰州市空气质量预报业务。     

"一控双达标"验收监测中存在的局限性及需采取的措施

文章就此次"一控双达标"验收监测中所反映的一些问题,提出一些观点和建议,为今后达标验收监测及环境管理提供对策.     

乌伦古湖水质现状及污染防治对策

着重对乌伦古湖所监测的项目作了全面系统的分析，评价了该湖的水环境质量，指出乌伦古湖水质的主要问题是严重咸化，这是该湖可持续发展的最大障碍。并指出做好湖区规划，增加水源供给，加强污水处理和湿地建设，是乌伦古湖未来发展的有利措施。     

灰色模型在确定关键污染因子中的应用

将灰色模型引入水环境质量评价中 ,通过对某个时间段内污染物原始监测数据的灰色处理 ,从动态演变中找出关键因子 ,客观地判定各污染因子所起的作用 ,并对各因子在下一个时间段的发展趋势作出判断 ,增加了评价的准确性。经过实例运用分析表明 ,该方法物理意义明确 ,简便易用     

跨界河流的水质监测(1)

水质监测是任何水资源管理必不可少的组成部分,水质监测与评价不仅可对水污染问题进行鉴别和评估,而且可以验证污染控制措施是否正确以及污染源是否遵守了相关的环保法规、制度、文章讨论了综合监测系统的对策、网络设计、采样与分析、数据处理与报告,还讨论了必需的科学的组织形式。以4条跨界河流[欧洲的莱茵河(Rhine)和多瑙河(Danube)、南美的拉普拉塔河(La Plata)、东南亚的湄公河(Mekong)]为例阐述了现代意义的监测方法学。对于工业化程度高的流域(如莱茵河和多瑙河),早期预警系统尤为重要。最后探讨了新的性价比好的污染监测方法以及如何避免产生数据很多,但信息量很少的状况。     

标准BOD5测定法的"空气净化--稀释水曝气"装置研究

"稀释与接种法"是BOD5的标准测定方法,制备溶解氧接近饱和且不含能干扰生化耗氧过程的物质的稀释水,是该法重要的工作之一.由真空泵带动的"空气净化--稀释水曝气"装置,流程合理、装配容易、调控灵活,可连贯进行空气净化与稀释水曝气,而制取符合质量要求的稀释水.     

Mega-Development Trends in the Amazon: Implications for Global Change

This paper describes four global-change phenomena that are having major impacts on Amazonian forests. The first is accelerating deforestation and logging. Despite recent government initiatives to slow forest loss, deforestation rates in Brazilian Amazonia have increased from 1.1 million ha yr^–1 in the early 1990s, to nearly 1.5 million ha yr^–1 from 1992–1994, and to more than 1.9 million ha yr^–1 from 1995–1998. Deforestation is also occurring rapidly in some other parts of the Amazon Basin, such as in Bolivia and Ecuador, while industrialized logging is increasing dramatically in the Guianas and central Amazonia.The second phenomenon is that patterns of forest loss and fragmentation are rapidly changing. In recent decades, large-scale deforestation has mainly occurred in the southern and eastern portions of the Amazon — in the Brazilian states of Pará, Maranho, Rondônia, Acre, and Mato Grosso, and in northern Bolivia. While rates of forest loss remain very high in these areas, the development of major new highways is providing direct conduits into the heart of the Amazon. If future trends follow past patterns, land-hungry settlers and loggers may largely bisect the forests of the Amazon Basin.The third phenomenon is that climatic variability is interacting with human land uses, creating additional impacts on forest ecosystems. The 1997/98 El Niño drought, for example, led to a major increase in forest burning, with wildfires raging out of control in the northern Amazonian state of Roraima and other locations. Logging operations, which create labyrinths of roads and tracks in forsts, are increasing fuel loads, desiccation and ignition sources in forest interiors. Forest fragmentation also increases fire susceptibility by creating dry, fire-prone forest edges.Finally, recent evidence suggests that intact Amazonian forests are a globally significant carbon sink, quite possibly caused by higher forest growth rates in response to increasing atmospheric CO₂ fertilization. Evidence for a carbon sink comes from long-term forest mensuration plots, from whole-forest studies of carbon flux and from investigations of atmospheric CO₂ and oxygen isotopes. Unfortunately, intact Amazonian forests are rapidly diminishing. Hence, not only is the destruction of these forests a major source of greenhouse gases, but it is reducing their intrinsic capacity to help buffer the rapid anthropogenic rise in CO₂.     

An Assessment on Variation of Sulphur Dioxide and Particulate Matter in Erzurum (Turkey)

Sulphur dioxide and PM₁₀ levels are investigated in Erzurum during the periods of 1990–2000 heating season to assess air pollution level. For that reason, emissions of sulphur dioxide and particulate matter were calculated by using consumption of fuels and Turkish emission factors. These emission values were evaluated together with air pollution levels, which were measured at six stations in Erzurum atmosphere during 1990–2000 winter periods. Results reveal that in 1990–1994 heating period, there is an increasing trend in the emissions and air pollution levels over Erzurum, and the air quality limits were not met. The daily 24 h limit (short-term limit) was exceeded 127 days in 1992–1993 winter period. The reason for this increase was found to be the switching to use of low-quality fossil fuels instead of cleaner ones. Results also indicated that there was a considerable decrease in emissions of air pollutants and air pollution levels after 1995. This can be explained by the consumption of more high-quality fossil fuels. The correlation coefficient of SO₂ with PM₁₀ is obtained as r² = 0.85, which is a high value supporting the idea that both pollutants are emitted from the same source.