太湖蓝藻水华暴发程度年度预测

近年来,尽管太湖主要水质指标有所改善,但蓝藻水华暴发的频次和面积并未明显减少。为了探讨太湖蓝藻水华暴发的环境驱动因子,统计了2012—2020年历年4—10月预警期间的太湖蓝藻水华发生规模与频次,结合同步浮标自动监测数据和实验室分析数据,构建了蓝藻水华预测模型。以太湖蓝藻水华综合指数(I_c)表征蓝藻水华强度,并通过I_c与环境因子的相关性分析,筛选出1月水温、1月电导率、1月生化需氧量和3月总氮浓度4项环境指标,最终构建了以该4项环境指标为自变量、I_c为因变量的太湖年度蓝藻水华强度多元线性回归预测模型。该预测模型的决定系数达到了0.908,平均相对误差为10.35%,预测精度总体表现较好。     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Industrial Effluents

Effluents originating from pesticides, agro-chemicals, textile dyes and dyestuffs industries are always associated with high turbidity, colour, nutrient load, and heavy metals, toxic and persistent compounds. But even with such an anthropogenic nature, these effluents contain dynamic cyanobacterial communities. Documentation of cyanobacterial cultures along the water channels of effluents discharged by above mentioned industries along the west coast of India and their relationship with water quality is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of solids, carbon and nutrients were found to be persistent throughout the analysis. Sediment and water samples were found to be colored in nature. Cyanobacterial community structure was found to be influenced by the anthropogenic pollution. 40 different cyanobacterial species were recorded from 14 genera of 5 families and an elevated occurrence of Phormidium, Oscillatoria and Chroococcus genera was observed in all the sampling sites.     

Cyanobacterial Flora from Polluted Marine Shores

Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l⁻¹) and nutrients (PO₄ ⁻P: 1.3–4 μmole l⁻¹ and NO₃ ⁻N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l⁻¹) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study.     

蓝藻暴发对太湖梅梁湾底泥中铁氨氧化速率的影响

作为近年来新发现的氮循环过程,铁氧化物还原耦合氨氧化（Feammox）越来越受到人们的关注.然而,目前鲜有研究报道蓝藻暴发对湖泊底泥中铁氨氧化速率的影响.因此,本研究采集了湖泊聚藻区和无藻区的底泥,对其理化性质进行分析,同时利用稳定同位素示踪技术测定了铁氨氧化速率,并运用高通量测序技术探究了底泥的微生物群落组成.结果表明,无藻区底泥的铁氨氧化速率为0.29 mg·kg^-1·d^-1,显著高于聚藻区底泥（0.01~0.05 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）,而且铁氨氧化速率与pH、Fe（Ⅲ）和TOC（总有机碳）均具有显著的相关性（p<0.05）.此外,高通量测序结果表明,在不同底泥中6种主要的铁还原菌（Thiobacillus、Geobacter、Desulfobacca、Pseudomonas、Anaeromyxobacter和Desulfosporosinus）被检测到,并且铁还原菌的丰度在无藻区底泥中为5.65%,比在聚藻区底泥（3.25%~4.44%）中的高.总之,本研究结果说明蓝藻暴发会减弱湖泊底泥中的铁氨氧化反应.     

Effects of polyaluminium chloride on the freshwater invertebrate Daphnia magna

In a number of countries across the world, aluminium in the form of polyaluminium chloride has been used in the treatment of freshwaters for the direct removal of cyanobacteria, or phosphorus removal, but knowledge about its effect on zooplankton species is poor. In our study, polyaluminium chloride toxicity was tested on both artificial and natural freshwaters for a better understanding and prediction of effects in real ecosystems. Our results indicate that prediction of effects in a real ecosystem based on standard ISO methods is insufficient, and tests with nontarget species (including invertebrates) should be done before each treatment using the water samples from the treated location. Effective concentrations of polyaluminium chloride can differ markedly according to the type of water composition used in the assay. Our experiments proved that EC₅₀ values can fluctuate between 9.89 and 54.29 mg·L^?1 of Al³⁺, and the toxicity is dominantly dependent on the treated water conductivity. This parameter seems to be the dominant source of different effects on zooplankton species after treatment and thus should be properly tested before each use of polyaluminium chloride as a treatment compound.     

压力下伪空胞破裂对3种水华蓝藻生长及光合作用的影响

采用批量培养方式,研究了伪空胞的破裂对3种典型水华蓝藻——铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、螺旋鱼腥藻(Anabaena spiroides)和孟氏浮游蓝丝藻(Plankothrix mougeotii)生长的影响,同时分析了伪空胞破裂对3种藻光合作用及细胞形态的影响.结果表明,伪空胞破裂对3种藻的生长影响不同,铜绿微囊藻和孟氏浮游蓝丝藻的细胞生长不受伪空胞破裂的影响,而螺旋鱼腥藻生长初期出现了5 d的延滞期;伪空胞破裂对3种藻光合作用影响较小,其中铜绿微囊藻和螺旋鱼腥藻的光合作用没有受到影响,而孟氏浮游蓝丝藻在饱和光强时最大光合作用速率降低了12.6%.铜绿微囊藻、孟氏浮游蓝丝藻及螺旋鱼腥藻细胞在伪空胞破裂后恢复较快,在3～5 d内又重新生成了大部分的伪空胞.      

由太湖蓝藻危机引发的对环境监测领域中生物生态监测发展的思考

生物生态监测是环境监测的重要组成部分,具有综合反映环境问题、敏感性强等优点。本文从应对太湖蓝藻危机出发,分析了当前环境监测领域中生物生态监测所面临的形势和存在的问题,提出了其发展的新理念,并从五个方面提出了环境监测领域生物生态监测发展的具体思路,以此来推动生物生态监测的进一步发展。     

两座高原水库蓝藻群落结构与微囊藻毒素的分布对比研究

为了了解贵州高原水库蓝藻群落组成特征和微囊藻毒素分布,于2009年10月对贵州高原2座水库——万峰湖和百花湖采样调查。结果表明：万峰湖以蓝藻为主要优势藻,蓝藻中的拟柱孢藻（Cylindrospermopsis sp.）占绝对优势,浮游植物丰度在13.05×104～55.80×104 cells.L-1之间,蓝藻的丰度值占到了总量的82.55%,6个采样点中有3个（大坝、野鸭滩和革布）检出了微囊藻毒素MC-RR,且有1个点（革布）质量浓度超标,另外3个点（坝艾、坝达章和九里堡）未检出;百花湖以蓝藻、绿藻和硅藻共同构成优势藻,蓝藻中的假鱼腥藻（Pseudanabaena limnetica）是主要优势藻,浮游植物丰度在6.16×104～65.00×104 cells.L-1之间,蓝藻的丰度值在总体中所占比例为33.25%,3个采样点（大坝、岩脚寨和码头）均未检出微囊藻毒素。形成2个高原水库蓝藻群落结构和微囊藻毒素分布差异的原因可能是：2个水库中氮、磷营养盐水平不同引起浮游植物群落组成不同,进而导致了微囊藻毒素的分布出现差异。     

超声波控藻及对水生生态安全的影响

通过恒温培养实验(250L培养基)表征了低强度 (发射功率20W) 定向发射超声波对惠氏微囊藻、孟氏浮游蓝丝藻、四尾栅藻以及菱形藻的生长影响,并通过超声波对大草履虫、大型蚤、稀有鮈鲫以及蜈蚣草的作用研究了其对水生生态的安全性.结果表明,超声波对蓝藻惠氏微囊藻的生长有较好的抑制作用,6d后生物量仅为对照组的32%;超声波对蓝藻孟氏浮游蓝丝藻、绿藻四尾栅藻以及硅藻菱形藻的生长也有一定的抑制作用,超声波作用10～13 d后,藻细胞密度比对照组低30%～33%.结果还表明,该强度的超声波对浮游动物草履虫和大型蚤、鱼类稀有鮈鲫以及沉水植物蜈蚣草的生长没有受到明显的影响.研究结果说明,低强度定向超声波可以对藻类生长产生抑制作用,而对水体中浮游动物、鱼类以及沉水植物等其它主要水生生物不产生明显影响.     

氮磷比对水华蓝藻优势形成的影响

通过批量培养实验研究了不同磷水平下N/P比对铜绿微囊藻(蓝藻)和斜生栅藻(绿藻)生长速率的影响,并在太湖蓝藻水华暴发期间,监测了梅梁湾和湖心区水体叶绿素a浓度和氮磷营养盐结构变化,以探讨N/P比对蓝藻优势形成的影响.结果表明, N/P比对铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响并不表现在一个确定值上,而与水体氮磷的绝对浓度有关,在0.02mg/L磷浓度下,铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻在N/P比为4:1~32:1范围内生长速率均较低(0.067~0.074,0.018~0.022d-1),说明受到营养盐的限制;当磷浓度达到0.20mg/L时, 铜绿微囊藻在N/P比为32:1时生长速率达到最大值(0.240d-1),斜生栅藻在N/P比为64:1时生长速率达到最大值(0.380 d-1);而在磷浓度升高到2.00mg/L时,不同N/P比下铜绿微囊藻和斜生栅藻均达到最大生长速率(0.24~0.25, 0.378~0.381d-1),说明氮磷浓度均比较充足,N/P比对生长速率已经没影响.可见,氮磷浓度比N/P比对两种藻的生长影响更大.与斜生栅藻相比,铜绿微囊藻对氮磷营养的生理需求和最大生长速率均相对较低,属K策略物种,易在低氮磷浓度下形成优势.梅梁湾在水华暴发期间氮浓度一直远低于水华较轻的湖心区,而磷浓度远高于湖心区,进而导致梅梁湾N/P质量比(低于20:1)在水华期间一直低于湖心区(124:1),低N/P比是蓝藻水华暴发导致氮浓度下降,磷浓度升高的结果.