On the role of solid NaCl in polluted marine urban areas

Last decade the reactions of gases at solid interfaces were increasingly recognized as significant in polluted marine troposphere and perhaps in remote areas as well. In this study the reactions of gases with solid NaCl at temperatures 200 K and 300 K were examined by using a recently proposed thermodynamical model (Varotsos et al., 1988) which provides the interconnection of entropy and enthalpy for various processes with well known macroscopic properties of the bulk solid.     

太湖草、藻型湖区沉积物-水界面厚度及环境效应研究

在太湖草、藻型湖区采样,分别测定了1,3,5,10,15cm 5层沉积物和沉积物表面以上5,20,35cm处及水表面以下20cm处4层水的多项指标.结果表明:草型湖泊水柱中SS总、SS有机、Ch1-a、TN、TDN、TP和TDP等指标显著低于藻型湖区;草型湖区水柱中SS总、SS有机、TN、TDN和TP都呈现出越往下浓度越高的趋势,而藻型湖区各水层间差异不明显.两类湖区沉积物的TN、TP、TOC和粒径都在3～5cm处出现拐点;草型湖区沉积物溶解氧层厚度(＜1mm)小于藻型湖区(＜2.5mm).可见在不同的生境类型以及不同的指标体系下,沉积物-水界面的厚度也相应不同.     

Is using work–life interface benefits a career‐limiting move? An examination of women,men, lone parents,and parents with partners

Using a large national sample based on Workplace and Employee Survey data collected by Statistics Canada in 2001 and 2002, we examined the effects of employee usage of seven organizational work–life interface benefits on promotions. Analysis predicted promotions in 2002 when number of promotions received by 2001 were controlled. The main effect of using work–life interface benefits on promotions was positive, indicating that using these benefits is not a career‐limiting move. Gender, presence of young children, and marital status interacted with the use of work–life interface benefits. Single parents benefitted less than other employees from using work–life interface options. Altogether, these findings suggest that the ongoing positive effects of conservation of time and energy resources for employees outweigh the initial short‐term negative effects of signaling and stigmatization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

藻源性黑水团环境效应Ⅲ:对水-沉积物界面处Fe-S-P循环的影响

利用静态模拟实验装置研究了藻源性黑水团发生过程中沉积物表层上覆水和沉积物间隙水中Fe-S-P的变化过程.结果表明:加入藻细胞后很快形成厌氧、还原环境,使得沉积物中Fe-S-P发生强烈的生物地球化学变化;实验第1d,表层上覆水中的Fe2+、SO42-、S2-含量高达4.993,242.0,387.57mg/L,为对照样柱中的1.8倍、2.2倍和18.8倍;在沉积物4cm处其浓度分别为8.5,40.0,65.3mg/L.随后,沉积物表层上覆水中Fe2+、S2-含量表现出一个先快速增加、随后降低的趋势,其浓度分别在实验的第3,2d达到最大值为11.1,634.6mg/L. 沉积物中PO43--P浓度受Fe-P解析等具有滞后性,从实验的第2d后开始直至实验结束时表现为其含量持续增加,到实验结束时其浓度为39.450mg/L,为对照样柱中的242倍.上覆水和间隙水中Fe-S-P含量的变化,反映了藻华聚集形成的厌氧环境中发生了剧烈的生物地球化学反应,从而使得沉积物中形成的Fe2+、S2- 和 PO43--P不断向上覆水体中扩散,对形成黑水团的水体生态系统的恢复造成阻碍和不良影响.     

湖泊沉积物-水界面微量重金属扩散作用及其水质影响研究

通过对云南泸沽湖、洱海沉积物孔隙水微量重金属剖面特征及界面扩散通量的研究,定量评估了微量重金属界面扩散作用对上覆湖水水质的影响,并探讨了春季节性变化规律,结果表明,孔隙水微量重金属浓度面均呈典型的峰形分布,界面氧化还原状况的变化是影响这种分布的主要因素;微量重金属界面扩散通量在夏季明显大于冬季,深水区大于浅水区;这种擅长 用作用对湖水中微量重金属含量的变化影响较大,尤其对深度较小,水体寄宿时间长、     

Are all experiments created equal? A framework for analysis of the learning potential of policy experiments in environmental governance

Environmental changes are increasing the need to understand complex cross-scale feedbacks in social–ecological systems. However, consistent conceptualisation of learning associated with environmental governance is lacking, and research mainly centres on individual variables. This paper identifies a typology of such learning, and theorises about configurations of variables. Focusing on experimentation as an intervention geared towards learning, it proposes a definition of policy experiment. A theoretical framework is presented, summarising a typology of experiments based on learning-related variables embedded in design choices, and reflected in institutional rule aggregations. The framework facilitates systematic analysis of real-world cases and testing of hypotheses on the effects of different types of experiment on learning. A case study demonstrates application of the framework. Results suggest future research paths that include attention to additional relevant variables. The findings have relevance for scholars interested in experimentation and learning, and environmental policy-makers considering experimentation to assess policy innovations.     

Understanding Social Complexity Within the Wildland–Urban Interface: A New Species of Human Habitation?

The lack of knowledge regarding social diversity in the Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) or an in-depth understanding of the ways people living there interact to address common problems is concerning, perhaps even dangerous, given that community action is necessary for successful wildland fire preparedness and natural resource management activities. In this article, we lay out the knowledge and preliminary case study evidence needed to begin systematically documenting the differing levels and types of adaptive capacity WUI communities have for addressing collective problems such as wildland fire hazard. In order to achieve this end, we draw from two theoretical perspectives encompassing humans' interactions with their environment, including (1) Kenneth Wilkinson's interactional approach to community, (2) and certain elements of place literature. We also present case study research on wildfire protection planning in two drastically different California communities to illustrate how social diversity influences adaptive capacity to deal with hazards such as wildland fire. These perspectives promote an image of the WUI not as a monolithic entity but a complex mosaic of communities with different needs and existing capacities for wildland fire and natural resource management.     

滨海地带地下水面与咸淡水界面伴随着潮汐波动而变化的规律的探讨研究(Ⅰ)二维数值仿真数学模型的建立及其效度的验证

在研究海岸带广泛存在的凸凹不平的不透水层的几何及地质特性的基础上,结合地下水渗流运动的特征,运用数理分析的手法,建立了不同于以往的模拟海岸带含水层咸淡水界面变动规律的二维数值仿真数学模型.其后,通过与实验数据的对比验证了其效度.     

气-水界面对病毒静态吸附实验结果的影响

气-水界面存在可能导致不能正确评价土壤对病毒的静态吸附能力.本研究通过室内一次平衡法实验,比较分析气-水界面对噬菌体MS2在不同处理（非灭菌/灭菌）的不同土壤中的吸附实验结果影响,同时评价不同程度气-水界面对没有土壤存在时的病毒回收率影响.结果表明,气-水界面存在对吸附实验结果的影响在砂质潮土上最为明显,其次为红壤土,而在红粘土上的影响几乎可忽略,这可能与土壤本身吸附/致死病毒的能力不同有关;土壤灭菌后进一步加剧气-水界面对砂质潮土吸附实验结果的偏差,而在红壤土上则有减弱趋势.气-水界面存在显著降低空白实验病毒回收率,其降低趋势随气-水界面的增加而加剧,当加入土壤后,土壤颗粒有可能阻止病毒接近气-水界面或改变病毒吸附在固-液-气界面的力量,因而气-水界面存在时的空白实验结果并非为真正的空白实验结果,这可能是导致气-水界面引起静态吸附实验结果偏差的主要原因.     

东海春季赤潮前后沉积物-海水界面营养盐交换速率的研究

应用实验室培养法现场研究了3～5月东海硅藻赤潮发生前后10个站位的营养盐在沉积物-海水界面的交换,并应用连续函数拟合法计算了营养盐的界面交换速率.结果显示,NO^-₃-N在赤潮前向沉积物中汇聚［-1.33～－0.68 mmol/(m²·d)］,赤潮后却基本由沉积物向海水中释放［－0.69～0.82 mmol/(m²·d)］.NH⁺₄-N在赤潮前后大都从沉积物中释放［－0.65～1.46 mmol/(m²·d)］,赤潮后释放速率小于赤潮前.NO^-₂-N赤潮前后除Zc17站外都向沉积物中汇聚［－0.09～0.05 mmol/(m²·d)］,赤潮后汇聚速率稍高.SiO^2-₃-Si在所有站位都由沉积物向海水释放［0.85～9.23 mmol/(m²·d)］,其赤潮后速率高于赤潮前.PO^3-₄-P在赤潮前向沉积物中汇聚［－0.06～－0.01 mmol/(m²·d)］,在赤潮后却由沉积物向海水中释放［0～1.26 mmol/(m²·d)］.NO^-₃-N和PO^3-₄-P向东海近海沉积物的汇聚在春季不利于硅藻赤潮的暴发,但其在硅藻赤潮暴发后从沉积物的大量释放为后面紧接的大面积甲藻赤潮的暴发提供了重要的营养物质补充.