循环荷载作用下粗粒料与掺砾粘土接触面单剪试验研究

土石坝内部存在较多的接触面,在静、动力荷载作用下,接触面的力学特性对坝体的稳定性具有显著的影响.基于动态单剪仪,开展了粗粒料与掺砾粘土接触面循环单剪试验.试验结果表明,初始剪应力加载方向对相对位移有较大影响:相对位移总是在沿初始剪应力加载方向一侧较大;在一个剪切循环内,正、反向加载时,若剪应力较小,发生剪缩变形,若剪应...     

一种新型高铺展性水成膜泡沫的性质以及灭火性能研究

介绍了一种自制的多组分水成膜泡沫溶液,并对该泡沫溶液的各种性能(表面张力,铺展性,灭火性能等)进行了表征,同时与传统的水成膜泡沫进行了对比.试验结果表明,该泡沫溶液的表面张力和界面张力很低.极低的表面和界面张力导致该泡沫在液体燃料表面具有很强的铺展性,能在极短的时间内在燃料表面铺展成一层液膜,使燃料表面迅速隔氧降温,从而达到迅速灭火的作用.在通过压缩空气泡沫系统进行灭火的试验中,不论泡沫浓度处于3%或6%,在液体流量较大的情况下,该泡沫对标准柴油火的熄灭时间都在3秒之内.另外,泡沫溶液的铺展性和所形成的泡沫的灭火性能的试验结果表明水成膜泡沫的灭火速率主要是由其在燃料表面形成水膜的速率决定,而形成水膜的速率主要是由泡沫溶液的铺展速率、即铺展性决定的.     

The case for policy‐relevant conservation science

Drawing on the “evidence‐based” (Sutherland et al. 2013) versus “evidence‐informed” debate (Adams & Sandbrook 2013), which has become prominent in conservation science, I argue that science can be influential if it holds a dual reference (Lentsch & Weingart 2011) that contributes to the needs of policy makers whilst maintaining technical rigor. In line with such a strategy, conservation scientists are increasingly recognizing the usefulness of constructing narratives through which to enhance the influence of their evidence (Leslie et al. 2013; Lawton & Rudd 2014). Yet telling stories alone is rarely enough to influence policy; instead, these narratives must be policy relevant. To ensure that evidence is persuasive alongside other factors in a complex policy‐making process, conservation scientists could follow 2 steps: reframe within salient political contexts and engage more productively in boundary work, which is defined as the ways in which scientists “construct, negotiate, and defend the boundary between science and policy” (Owens et al. 2006:640). These will both improve the chances of evidence‐informed conservation policy.     

Global environmental assessments: Impact mechanisms

Many impacts of Global Environmental Assessment (GEA) processes on policy processes, and the mechanisms underlying these impacts, remain underappreciated. In this research, we focus on the 5th Global Environment Outlook and the Working Group III contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Based on the perception of GEA process participants, we describe the mechanisms through which assessments create or alter interpersonal interactions which can affect the dissemination of ideas. In particular, we find that GEAs can contribute to framing international coordinative discourses in intergovernmental negotiations. This can be achieved by widening, improving and/or maintaining the active participation of policy actors in the discussions of global environmental risks and by creating the scientific foundations for intergovernmental negotiations. GEAs can also contribute to national coordinative discourses by facilitating reflexive learning amongst participants, empowering them to diffuse and translate global information, and by providing methodological guidance. They can contribute to national communicative discourses by reviving interest and awareness of the urgency to address environmental problems. In this way they provide powerful arguments for governmental societal actors to challenge or strengthen existing national coordinative discourses. Finally, GEAs can improve scientific discourses worldwide by enhancing the capacity of individual researchers to produce and communicate relevant research insights. This is achieved by participating in a learning exercise with an extended community of peers and policy actors. This article is part of a special issue on solution-oriented global environmental assessments.     

长江口潮滩湿地-大气界面碳通量特征

选择长江河口崇明东滩为典型研究区域,使用原位静态箱-气相色谱法,对长江河口潮滩湿地-大气界面碳通量(CH4和CO2)进行了为期一年的现场观测实验.结果表明,观测期内,崇明东滩低潮滩(CM-3)表现为碳的吸收汇,平均碳通量为-13.23 mg·m-2·h-4,且有明显的变化特征,8月为碳吸收的高峰期,2月碳的通量值最低;虽然低潮滩CH4年平均排放通量仅为0.04mg·m-2·h-1,在碳通量中所占比例很小,但却是大气CH4的持续排放源.中潮滩(CM-2)为大气CH4的排放源,在7月达到排放高峰;对CO2而言,光照条件下(明箱)以吸收为主,而无光照时(暗箱)中潮滩是CO2的排放源.中潮滩湿地-大气界面碳的年平均交换通量为51.79 mg·m-2·h-1,显著高于低潮滩,植被和有机质含量的不同是导致两者差异的主要原因.温度和光照是影响碳通量及其季节变化的重要因素.海三棱藨草植株和中、低潮滩藻类的光合作用均显著促进了潮滩对大气碳的吸收.     

污染物与蒙脱石层间域的界面反应及其环境意义

系统地评述了无机、有机阳离子、农药分子、细菌等环境污染物在蒙脱石层间域中的吸附、脱附、氧化还原、催化降解等界面反应机理 ,并指出它们的环境化学行为对环境的影响和意义     

Uncertainty communication in environmental assessments: views from the Dutch science-policy interface

Scientific assessments of environmental problems, and policy responses to those problems, involve uncertainties of many sorts. Meanwhile, potential impacts of wrong decisions can be far-reaching. This article explores views on uncertainty and uncertainty communication in the Dutch science-policy interface and studies several issues concerning presentation of uncertainty information. Respondents considered uncertainty communication to be important, but it should be concise and policy relevant. Several factors influence policy relevance, including the place of an issue in the policy cycle, and its novelty, topicality and controversiality. Respondents held particular interest in explicit communication on the implications of uncertainty. Related to this, they appreciated information on different sources and types of uncertainty and qualitative aspects of uncertainty (e.g. pedigree charts). The article also studies probability terms, particularly for IPCC's 33–66% probability interval (‘about as likely as not’). Several terms worked reasonably well, with a median interpretation of 40–60%. Finally, as various target groups have different information needs and different amounts of attention for various parts of a report or communication process, it is important to progressively disclose uncertainty information throughout the communication. Improved communication of uncertainty information leads to a deeper understanding and increased awareness of the phenomenon of uncertainty and its policy implications.     

数字化人机界面操作员目标定位眼动试验

为了验证数字化监控室操作员在监视过程中存在目标定位失误,并得到相关的目标定位失误率及反应时间,进行了眼动试验。试验设置了箭头、数字、图形及颜色4种目标信息,验证了目标定位延迟及目标定位失败两类目标定位失误的存在,并获得了被试对目标信息的首次进入时间及注视持续时间。通过对4种目标信息的目标定位眼动数据分析,发现不同的目标信息类型对目标信息区的眼动首次进入时间及注视持续时间的影响是显著的,对目标定位的总失误率影响也是显著的。通过SPSS软件分析发现,目标定位总失误率与首次进入时间及注视持续时间都存在线性相关关系。     

甑皮岩洞穴遗址地下水的水-气界面H2S气体的产生机理

桂林甑皮岩洞穴遗址是我国新石器时代洞穴遗址的典型代表。污染物进入到以裂隙介质为主地下水所形成的还原环境后,其性质可能会改变从而侵蚀遗址文化层。本文通过采集地下水水-气界面的H₂S和CH₄气体,结合硫酸盐的硫同位素δ³⁴S-SO₄^2-、溶解有机碳（DOC）、化学需氧量（COD）、硫酸盐还原菌（SRB）等指标,研究遗址地下水水-气界面侵蚀性气体H₂S的产生机理。结果表明：甑皮岩水体SO₄^2-浓度范围为0.57~131.00 mg/L,其空间分布不均匀,来源主要受到大气降水、硫化物矿物的氧化及微生物硫酸盐还原的影响;丰富的有机质为硫酸盐还原提供能量,DOC与COD浓度存在空间差异,高值均位于人类活动强烈的径流上游区;SRB普遍参与硫酸盐还原作用,气温、降水和有机质决定SRB数量在时空上表现为雨季 > 旱季、地表水 > 地下水;气温较高促进H₂S的形成,SRB与环境的还原程度均影响H₂S和CH₄浓度。H₂S性质不稳定易氧化为硫酸,若继续聚集将加剧遗址的化学侵蚀。建议增加污染物的运移和反应产物的监测,关注遗址的保存环境。     

芜湖市沉积物-水体PAHs扩散行为研究

为研究芜湖市不同功能区景观水体多环芳烃（PAHs）在沉积相-水相之间的扩散行为,于2017年2月选择芜湖市25处景观水体采集沉积物和水样品,对美国环保署（EPA）列为优先控制污染物的16种PAHs进行检测,运用逸度方法、响应系数进行分析.分别考虑有机碳（OC）、BC_CTO（化学热氧化法测定的黑碳）和BC_Cr（湿化学氧化法测定的黑碳）在不同浓度（实测值、最低值、平均值、最大值）情况下对PAHs在沉积相-水相间扩散的影响.结果表明,中低环（2~4环）PAHs表现出向水相扩散,沉积物作为PAHs的二次污染源,高环（5~6环）PAHs表现出向沉积相扩散,沉积物作为PAHs的汇;随着OC和黑碳（BC）含量的增加,PAHs倾向于向沉积相扩散,且倾向程度是BC_Cr > BC_CTO > OC,表明BC在PAHs的沉积物-水扩散过程中起重要的作用.响应系数结果表明中低环PAHs的逸度分数（ff）对OC、BC_CTO和BC_Cr浓度变化的敏感度较弱,高环PAHs的ff对OC、BC_CTO和BC_Cr浓度变化的敏感度较强,且敏感度强弱依次是BC_Cr > BC_CTO > OC.沉积相-水体的扩散过程研究揭示了PAHs在水环境中迁移扩散的重要机理,可为环境污染的科学治理提供依据.