Influence of ethnicity on recreation and natural environment use patterns: Managing recreation sites for ethnic and racial diversity

Management of natural environment sites is becoming increasingly complex because of the influx of urbanized society into wildland areas. This worldwide phenomenon impacts a wide range of countries. In southern California ethnicity is often a major factor influencing recreation site use and behavior at sites in the wildland-urban interface. This study investigated the role of ethnicity and race on the use patterns, perception of environment, and recreation behaviors at an outdoor recreation site visited by an ethnically diverse population. Two research questions were asked: (1) What ethnic groups engage in outdoor recreation at this site, and (2) what differences can be assigned to these various groups? Data were collected from 250 recreationists during 1991. Three major ethnic groups were identified, and statistically significant differences were found in the importance of site attributes, activity participation, and in preferred and actual communication channels. Management implications and strategies based on group differences are discussed.     

Fire hazards at the urban-wildland interface: What the public expects

Urban-wildland issues have become among the most contentious and problematic issues for forest managers. Using data drawn from surveys conducted by the authors and others, this article discusses how public knowledge and perceptions of fire policies and fire hazards change over time, the kinds of policy responses homeowners prefer as a way of preventing fire hazards at the urban-wildland interface, and how citizens view their own obligations as participants in interface issues. These data show that public attitudes toward fire have changed significantly over the past two decades and that educating the public about fire and the managers' use of fire can have positive effects on behavior. Yet, modifying the individual's behavior in regard to interface fire risks must also deal with important issues of individual incentives, the distribution of costs, and unanticipated policy impacts.     

有机物在固液界面的吸附方法研究

有机物在自然界水体中的迁移、转化主要借助吸附作用,在固液界面的吸附已经引起了研究者的广泛兴趣.研究有机物在固液界面的吸附对了解和控制水中有机物迁移和转化有重要作用.文章介绍了Polanyi位势理论、Gibbs热力学方法、Langmiur等温式、Frendulich等温式、非平衡吸附动力学模型、分形理论和定量结构-活性关系在吸附中的研究并探讨了今后的研究方向.     

膜界面探测器在工业污染场地调查中的应用

膜界面探测器是一项采用直接推进技术,可实时提供场地地下挥发性有机物近乎连续分布信息的直接感测工具。以某历史上从事有机氯农药生产的废弃工业场地为例,运用该技术,配置土壤电导率传感器、电子捕获检测器以及氢火焰离子化检测器,对该场地中潜在污染区域进行快速筛选调查,初步确定了土壤和地下水中挥发性有机物污染的热点区域及其三维分布和地层信息,为后续进一步调查方案优化、场地概念模型建立及后续修复方案设计等提供了重要的信息。     

甲基对硫磷在水-气界面挥发的动力学研究

研究了挥发时间、温度和气流量对农药甲基对硫磷在水-气界面挥发行为的影响.研究结果表明,随着温度升高、气流量增大甲基对硫磷挥发量明显增大,温度和气流量是影响甲基对硫磷挥发的主要因素;挥发时间在0～8 h内甲基对硫磷挥发量的变化较大,8h之后甲基对硫磷的挥发量基本不变化.研究了农药甲基对硫磷在水-气界面的挥发动力学.建立了甲基对硫磷在水-气界面挥发的动力学模型,模型计算所得的预测值与实测值基本吻合,相对误差≤5%,表明可用该动力学模型来预测甲基对硫磷在水-气界面的挥发行为.     

Nitrous oxide supersaturation at the liquid/air interface of animal waste

Concentrated animal feeding operations around the globe generate large amounts of nitrous oxide (N₂O) in the surrounding atmosphere. Liquid animal waste systems have received little attention with respect to N₂O emissions. We hypothesized that the solution chemistry of animal waste aqueous suspensions would promote conditions that lead to N₂O supersaturation at the liquid/air interface. The concentration of dissolved N₂O in poultry litter (PL) aqueous suspensions at 25 °C was 0.36 μg N₂O mL⁻¹, at least an order of magnitude greater than that measured in water in equilibrium with ambient air, suggesting N₂O supersaturation. There was a nonlinear increase in the N₂O Henry constants of PL from 2810 atm/mole fraction at 35 °C to 17 300 atm/mole fraction at 41 °C. The extremely high N₂O Henry constants were partially ascribed to N₂O complexation with aromatic moieties. Complexed N₂O structures were unstable at temperatures > 35 °C, supplying the headspace with additional free N₂O concentrations.     

北运河沉积物/水界面上重金属迁移转化规律

分析测定了6种元素(Cr、Co、Mn、Cu、Pb、Zn)在北运河水系10个采样点水体和表层沉积物中的含量和形态分布,利用SPSS 19.0统计软件对重金属在不同形态中的含量进行相关性分析。结果显示,北运河下游重金属污染程度高于上游;Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn在底泥可提取态中所占比例相当高,多数采样点都超过10.0%。所研究的重金属多数在底泥Fe-Mn结合态与悬浮物、可交换态、硫化物和有机质结合态均存在相关性;Mn是北运河地化循环中最为活跃的元素。     

On the dissolution kinetics of humic acid particles. Effect of monocarboxylic acids

The dissolution kinetics of humic acid particles has been studied in batch experiments, and the effects of monocarboxylic (formic, acetic, and propionic) acids are reported. The dissolution rate of the particles is significantly affected by the presence of monocarboxylic acids in the pH range 4–10. At pH 7, for example, propionic acid increases 30 times this dissolution rate. The capacity of increasing the dissolution rate is in the order formic acid < acetic acid < propionic acid, and this dissolving capacity of carboxylics seems to be directly related to their affinity for HA molecules located at the surface of the solid particles. The results indicate that carboxylics and related compounds may affect markedly the mobility and transport of humic substances in the environment.     

立贮固体发动机黏接界面剪切破坏风险研究

目的 评估长期立贮固体发动机黏接界面因剪切变形导致破坏的风险。方法 对固体发动机黏接界面剪切试件进行高温加速老化,而后对老化剪切试样进行定速拉伸剪切试验,依据剪切试验结果,总结固体发动机黏接界面力学性能的老化规律。基于Arrhenius方程外推得到固体发动机黏接界面考虑老化的剪切变形破坏判据,采用该破坏判据对立式贮存15 a的某型固体发动机黏接界面因剪切变形发生破坏的风险进行评估。结果 黏接界面在经过15 a的老化后,其最大剪切变形为0.792 6 rad,比初始性能下降5.31%。选定某型固体发动机进行长期立贮工况计算,仿真计算结果显示,该固体发动机立贮15 s时,黏接界面危险点处的切向应变值0.463 3 rad。该值小于老化15 a后黏接界面剪切变形破坏起始点,即该发动机在立式贮存15 a后,界面剪切变形程度未达到破坏阈值。结论 该破坏判据能够较为直观地对长期立式贮存固体发动机黏接界面因剪切变形发生破坏的风险进行评估,可为长期贮存固体发动机黏接界面结构完整性评估提供借鉴参考。     

Co-Fe催化剂上乙醇制氢反应研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了负载型Co-Fe催化剂,提出并考察了二段重整制氢的可行性及制氢效果,在水醇比2．5、氧醇比0．5、液空速12h^-1、床层温度523℃、Co-Fe催化剂作用下的乙醇转化率为97．0％,H2选择性为2．80,H2产率为2．72。Cu催化剂作用下的CO的变换反应有效地降低了CO含量,提高了H2含量。