How to be a more effective environmental scientist in management and policy contexts

This paper is intended for young researchers with an environmental conscience, alerting them that a self-centred ecology can work against conservation and other desirable goals. I propose that there is confusion in the biophysical ecologists’ community about the role of knowledge, stemming from several already surpassed beliefs that have been strongly criticized by scholars in the field of science and technology studies. In particular, environmental scientists still often seem trapped in the information deficit model, assuming a linear and unidirectional flow of knowledge from experts to users. This leads to an incomplete understanding and unrealistic expectations of ongoing processes of citizen participation (co-production of knowledge), impatience regarding the speed at which issues can be dealt with by politics, and a fuzzy notion of the role of our convictions regarding the value of nature conservation when we are consulted as experts. I analyse the consequences of disregarding tacit knowledge, i.e. the one knowledge beyond that codified in academic papers and books. I emphasize that preferences and values have a large influence on how we perceive, process, and act (or postpone to act) on information on our non-exclusive roles as scientists, decision makers or citizens. I argue that this is why political and ideological preferences have a large influence not only on which teams are appointed to solve problems, but also on which situations are perceived as problematic and given higher priorities. I include a cheat-sheet to enhance communication with decision-makers and other non-scientists that could prevent environmental zeal to be transformed into society’s annoyance and our eventual irrelevance. I plea for a more realistic attitude towards ecological research, highlighting that in environmental debates we are also long-term stakeholders, and not only casual, external and aseptic observers.     

腐殖酸与钙离子共存下ZVI界面沉积过程

为精准分析环境介质在零价铁（ZVI）界面沉积过程和沉积层特性，采用喷涂方法制备ZVI负载芯片，应用耗散式石英晶体微天平（QCMD）研究了腐殖酸（HA）与钙离子（Ca（Ⅱ））在ZVI界面沉积吸附过程的差异，并探讨了Ca（Ⅱ）浓度与HA/Ca（Ⅱ）投加顺序对沉积过程的影响机理.结果表明，在反应体系中先通入HA相较先通入Ca（Ⅱ），ZVI表面形成的沉积层质量更高、沉积层结构更稳定；HA沉积后可促进Ca（Ⅱ）沉积，然而Ca（Ⅱ）先沉积后HA沉积量较少，很大程度上与吸附层外层结构组成差异相关.此外，发现随着Ca（Ⅱ）浓度从10mg/L升高至200mg/L，Ca（Ⅱ）沉积速率加快，界面沉积量增多.QCMD耗散变化研究发现，当Ca（Ⅱ）浓度从10mg/L提高至100mg/L，沉积层耗散变化值（ΔD）逐渐下降，沉积层转变为刚性结构；Ca（Ⅱ）浓度继续加大到200mg/L，ΔD升高趋势，沉积层构象呈现疏松态.应用QCMD可实时监测ZVI钝化层形成的动态变化过程，提供了ZVI界面吸附层变化特征等关键信息.     

基于精益建造的施工安全隐患的识别与控制模型

精益建造体系把非增值活动定义为浪费。产生非增值活动的行为/状态即为浪费源。浪费源是安全隐患寄生的界面,为安全隐患的积累提供了场所,当隐患积累到具备事故发生的条件,则安全系统就处于失衡状态。因此运用认知系统工程识别安全隐患寄生的界面,以意识到系统状态为核心原理,识别出安全系统的状态,分析系统出现失衡的原因,不断进行反馈及学习,最终形成一个灵活的识别系统,最后通过精益建造体系方法来消除这些寄生界面。     

眼动技术在飞行安全中的应用概述

近年来,眼动技术开始广泛应用在道路交通、广告设计、军用飞机飞行员眼动模式的研究中。本文介绍了国内外眼动技术的应用现状,从飞机驾驶舱人机界面设计、机场道路环境建设、飞机驾驶员培训和飞机驾驶安全等四个方面阐述了眼动技术在民航飞行领域中的研究现状及应用前景,为眼动技术在民航飞行领域的应用研究提供借鉴。     

Landscape fires as social disasters: An overview of ‘the bushfire problem’

The ‘landscape’, ‘bushfire’ or ‘forest-fire’ problem is exemplified by the destruction of homes and human lives by landscape fires raging out of control. The ‘problem’ involves a series of landscapes (e.g. wildland and suburb), a series of systems (e.g. biophysical system and environmental-effects system), and a series of time phases (e.g. planning phase). It is a multi-stakeholder, multi-variable, multi-scale problem. Land uses, like ‘farmland’, imply a set of specific assets and, therefore, particular perceptions of losses. In all land-use designations, at any one point, fire-proneness may be seen as a function of exposure to ignition sources (embers, burning brands or flame radiation and flame contact) and the ease of ignition. The landscape-fire problem has multiple partial ‘solutions’, not just one overall solution, and these involve social governance, land management (public and private), suppression capacity and personal preparedness. The problem needs to be addressed at multiple temporal and spatial scales in an integrated fashion for the outcome to be of maximal benefit. There will always be a residual risk of severe fire occurrence. Minimisation of residual risk requires effective land management, recurrent funding and the perpetual vigilance of all parties.     

流速对雨水管道中沉积物-水界面磷的释放及其释放速率的影响

通过实验室模拟研究了进水流速对雨水管道中沉积物-水界面间磷释放规律的影响,得出不同流速条件下沉积物-水界面磷交换的平衡时间,拟合出上覆水磷的平均浓度和沉积物中磷最大累积释放量与流速的关系曲线,并采用连续函数计算方法通过现场采样和实验分析进行不同流速下雨水管道沉积物-水界面磷交换速率的研究,最后根据实验得出的交换速率值,以一条雨水管线为例估算了不同进水流速下沉积物中磷释放总量.结果表明,流速的增大会促进沉积物中磷的释放,且上覆水总磷平均浓度及磷释放最大量随流速的增大而呈指数式增长,对应的指数方程分别为y=1.2194e0.5983x和y=0.436e0.7928x.在实验工况下,流速为0.3、0.5、0.7、0.9和1.1 m.s-1对应的磷平均释放速率分别为0.62、1.04、2.51、2.85和4.09 mg.m-.2min-1;对应的磷释放总量的估算值分别为3410.00、5720.00、27610.00、31350.00和61861.25 mg.     

挥发性化合物的分子结构对水-气界面传质的作用

利用能精确捕获水自由液面的VOF (Volume of fluid,体积百分比)法,建立挥发性化合物在无化学反应条件下的耦合扩散时空模型. 用W*(分子拓扑指数)表征化合物分子结构,将化合物传质系数——Schmid数与W*进行关联,结合亨利常数、Schmidt数与W*的关联式,预测乙醇、苯、己醛与2,2,4-三甲基戊点源泄漏后的质量浓度时空分布,预测结果与试验吻合较好. 烷基苯、醇、醛、烃类化合物的Schmidt数与W*0.25成线性关系. Schmidt数随分子间距减小而增大,烷基苯、醇、醛、烃类化合物在水中的Schmidt数约为空气中的600倍以上. 相同W*的化合物,Schmidt数随分子量增加而增大. 泄漏初期,亨利常数的作用高于Schmidt数,挥发强度随亨利常数的增加而增大,水中乙醇峰值浓度下降的平均速率仅是苯的45.1%;泄漏后期,Schmidt数起主要作用,挥发强度随Schmidt数减少而增大,苯的峰值浓度下降平均速率降低,乙醇峰值浓度下降平均速率比苯高120.0%. 己醛的W*是2,2,4-三甲基戊的16.27倍,但二者的亨利常数和Schmidt数很接近,挥发迁移过程极其相似.      

State interventions and natural resource management: A study on social interfaces in a riverine fisheries setting in Kerala, India

This article attempts to analyse the social interface between formal institutions and local fishing communities along the Pamba‐Achankovil River Basin in Kerala, India. It examines primarily the nature of the relationship between state agencies and traditional fishing communities in the context of (i) enforcing certain formal regulations of resource use and (ii) implementing resource enhancement programmes. The article also analyses the nature of social interfaces that emerge when local level formal organizations, such as cooperatives and gram panchayats, take up resource management or community welfare schemes on behalf of the traditional fisherfolk in the study region. Social interfaces can be understood in terms of social processes, such as cooperation, accommodation and conflicts between various actors involved in fisheries management. The article is based on ethnographic fieldwork. Interview guides and focus group discussions were the primary tools of data collection. The findings show that the relationships between formal institutions and traditional riverine fishing communities lack mutual trust. Conflicts between fishing communities and state agencies emerge when the formal institutions threaten or contradict those elements of local culture that sustain livelihood needs. Conflicts and discontent with a particular formal institution can also lead to the modification or violation of coexisting institutional arrangements.     

多环芳烃在长江口滨岸颗粒物-水相间的分配

利用长江口滨岸水环境中颗粒相与溶解相多环芳烃的实测浓度,获取了多环芳烃化合物在颗粒物-水相间的分配系数K_p.结果表明,分配系数K_p值在507～10 179 L/kg之间,枯季高于洪季,随多环芳烃环数的增加而增大;K_oc值与辛醇-水分配系数K_ow之间存在较好的线性自由能关系（枯季R²＝0.82,洪季R²＝0.68）,推断出长江口滨岸颗粒物亲脂性较差,对多环芳烃的吸收能力相对较弱.长江口滨岸各采样点多环芳烃化合物的lgK_oc值均超过了经典平衡分配模型的预测值上限,多环芳烃两相分配行为不受颗粒物浓度、粒径及上覆水盐度、溶解态有机碳的控制（R²<0.1）,表现出主要受POC及非均一性混合物PSC共同影响的特点;扩展后的含PSC相的颗粒物-水相分配模型较为准确地模拟了lgK_ow<6的多环芳烃化合物野外原位分配过程.     

淹水土壤土-水界面磷素迁移转化研究

通过室内PVC土槽实验,模拟了淹水条件下土壤上覆淹水和孔隙水中磷的释放及其影响因素Eh值、pH值、Fe2 、Fe3 和溶解有机质(DOC),以及土壤中无机磷组分的转化,并通过偏最小二乘主成分分析法分析影响磷迁移转化的因素,得到主要影响因子.实验结果表明,54d淹水期间,上覆淹水可溶性磷浓度大于孔隙水的磷浓度,前者累积释磷量是后者的16倍;土壤磷的释放主要以Fe-P、O-P和Al-P为主, Ca-P基本不变,其中以Fe-P的贡献最大,淹水期间比初始值减少了30.4%～72%;主成分分析表明, Eh值、Fe2 Fe3 和DOC是影响上覆淹水磷释放的主要因子, DOC络合Fe2 和Fe3 成水溶性三元复合体,释磷机制以络合增溶为主;DOC是影响土壤孔隙水磷释放主要因子,释磷机制以竞争吸附为主,高浓度铁离子的存在阻止了孔隙水中磷释放.