重点生态功能区转移支付对生态产业发展的空间效应——以江西省80个县为例

发展生态产业是重点生态功能区实现高质量跨越式发展的重要途经,而重点生态功能区转移支付是目前为止国家对重点生态功能区唯一的具有直接性、持续性和集中性的生态保护补偿政策。本文在以往研究的基础上,采用空间计量模型探究重点生态功能区转移支付对生态产业发展的影响。以江西省为研究对象,基于2008—2018年研究数据,以县域为研究单元对生态产业发展水平进行测度,并运用空间杜宾模型探究重点生态功能区转移支付对生态产业发展的空间效应。结果表明：生态产业发展在空间上存在显著的正向自相关性,且在江西省境内呈现出西北地区高—高集聚,东南地区低—低集聚的现象;重点生态功能区转移支付的提高不仅会显著促进当地生态产业的发展,还会提高邻近地区的生态产业发展水平。     

Instantaneous char reaction of biomass particles in a hot gas flow with fluctuating temperature

Char reaction is an important stage of the combustion processes of biomass particles. It dominates the burnout of biomass particles. The instantaneous char reaction processes of biomass particles in a hot gas with temperature fluctuation are studied. Two types of biomass fuels, i.e. pine and thistle, are chosen for the present investigation. The instantaneous mass variations of biomass particles with initial diameters of 100, 200, and 300 μm are calculated under different conditions. The gas temperature fluctuation leads to faster mass loss for both pine and thistle particles. The char reaction of biomass particles is further enhanced by increase in the fluctuation amplitude of gas temperature.     

三峡水库澎溪河消落带植物群落物种丰富度格局

通过样地调查和Spearman相关分析,研究了澎溪河消落带植物群落物种丰富度格局. 结果表明:沿河流纵向梯度,总物种丰富度、灌木层和草本层物种丰富度均表现出抛物线型,乔木层物种丰富度表现出直线型;沿河流侧向梯度,总物种丰富度和草本层物种丰富度随高程的增加先升高后降低;乔木层和灌木层物种丰富度随高程的升高而增加. 在纵向梯度上,底质类型与物种丰富度显著相关,距河口的空间距离对物种丰富度有重要的控制作用;在侧向梯度上,淹水时间、土壤含水量、底质异质性对群落空间格局有重要影响. 总体来说,消落带植物物种丰富度格局仍受原河流地貌及洪水格局的影响,但由于水位季节性变动,已形成与水位变动相适应的分布格局.      

Mapping of noise risk zones derived from religious activities and perceptions in residential neighbourhoods in the Cape Coast metropolis,Ghana

Ambient noise levels emanating from religious activities in residential neighbourhoods are an emerging environmental problem that educes little attention from enforcement agencies and policy makers in Ghana. This paper set out to quantify religious noise exposure in urban residential neighbourhoods in the Cape Coast metropolis of Ghana. Subjective annoyance levels of residents in selected communities were determined. Noise risk zones were mapped using ARCGIS 9.3 software and surface interpolation for the data was carried out using inverse distance weighting. The results show that most (77 and 86 per cent) of the locations recorded noise levels that were above the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency maximum permissible limit for day and night, respectively. Pearson's correlation coefficient for day and night noise exposure shows strong association (0.714) at the 0.01 level. There is variability in the levels of noise for both day and night, which are rather high (standard deviation = 7.59477 and 7.94022, respectively). Generally, levels of noise exposure correlated with levels of annoyance of residents, except that the highest noise exposure was not recorded in the community where the annoyance level of residents was highest. Residential neighbourhoods within the study area largely experienced safe to tolerable levels of religious noise, although 5 per cent were within the high-risk zone. Given that the selected residential areas have high population densities, even when the dispersion of noise risk is spatially limited, it affects a large number of people who belong to different socio-economic classes.     

基于试验与数值模拟的采空区氧化带漏风量的反演计算

以六家矿WⅡN16-7综放工作面为试验地点,研究采空区氧化带漏风情况。根据采空区自燃"三带"划分标准和防火注氮技术原理,通过现场实测、数值模拟、实验室试验确定注氮防火基本参数。首先,利用热重试验方法确定采空区惰化防火指标。根据惰化防火指标,通过现场实测和数值模拟的方法分别确定采空区在注氮和不注氮情况下自燃"三带"分布。然后,根据自燃"三带"分布范围,构建氧含量分布数学模型,计算出采空区氧化带混合气体中氧含量的平均值。最后,基于以上参数,通过反演计算得到采空区氧化带漏风量。计算结果表明,采空区氧化带内漏风量为15.12 m3/min,约占总供风量的2.1%。     

中国灾害性冰冻天气日数气候演变空间分异特征（1961-2016年）

基于《中国冰冻数据集（V1.0）》,采用1961-2016年中国545个气象站点的结霜、雾凇、雨凇和结冰四种灾害性冰冻天气日数数据,从气候态特征、年代距平变化、变化趋势和波动特征四个方面,诊断了中国冰冻天气日数时空演变特征。结果表明:①中国四种灾害性冰冻天气日数在1961-2016年具有各自典型的区域性和次区域性空间分异特征。高纬度或高海拔地区是中国灾害性冰冻天气较多发生的地区。结霜和结冰事件在分布范围和发生频率上明显高于雾凇和雨凇事件。②中国四种灾害性冰冻天气日数距平具有明显的年代变化特征。中国北方的结霜和结冰日数在1960和1970年代以负距平为主,而在1980、1990、2000和2010年代逐渐演变为正距平为主;中国北方的雾凇日数和中东部的雨凇日数在1960、1970和1980年代以正距平为主,而在1990、2000和2010年代以负距平为主。③1961-2016年中国四种灾害性冰冻天气日数变化趋势空间分异不尽一致。结霜、雾凇和结冰日数在高海拔和高纬度地区增减趋势较大。其中结霜日数在北方以增加趋势为主;雾凇日数则在东北、西北和内蒙古等地区以减少趋势为主;雨凇日数在中国中东部以减少趋势为主;结冰日数在西藏、黄土高原、华北平原等地以增加趋势为主。④1961-2016年中国结霜和结冰日数波动特征呈南高北低的空间分异格局。雾凇日数在华南南部和云南西部波动最大,在长江以南至华南北部、青藏高原、四川东部、湖北西部等地波动最小。雨凇日数在西南地区波动小,而在北方、东北和东南沿海地区波动大。     

Techniques to Reduce the Impact of Asulam Drift from Helicopter Sprayers on Native Vegetation

Asulam is often applied from the air to control bracken. This herbicide affects other ferns and spray drift could affect their survival. This paper discusses the use of bioassays to assess drift (a) spatially around a single bracken patch, (b) downwind from sprayed areas, and (c) spatially in undulating terrain and with different vegetation cover types. The aims were to develop policies to protect sensitive habitats. It is suggested that “no-spray” buffer zones in excess of 160–180 m are needed to minimise risk. Protection of rare ferns from overstorey vegetation or from steep slopes did not occur. Although less drift was found upwind there was significant damage at the end of the helicopter runs because of errors in switching the sprayer on and off.     

活性炭吸附缓冲非稳态VOCs研究进展

活性炭类吸附剂可以有效地缓冲挥发性有机物(VOCs)的浓度负荷波动。综述了活性炭对非稳态VOCs吸附缓冲的作用原理及类型,从吸附剂、吸附质、进气性质和设备及操作条件等方面讨论了影响吸附缓冲性能的因素,并对今后该领域的研究方向提出了展望。指出:应当进一步研究吸附剂和吸附质的交互作用、波动负荷的影响以及VOCs在活性炭中的迁移扩散现象;同时,通过深层次的实验测试和模型模拟为反应器的设计和操作参数的估算提供指导。     

Zone planning régimes

Recent discussion of Enterprise Zones in England has been concerned with attributing development to the financial package of incentives operating, rather than the simplified planning régime, the author reconsiders the question of the significance of the new forms of planning procedure and suggests that, in the long term, the experiment will have lasting significance for the planning system itself.