基于模糊综合评价的化工工艺本质安全指数研究

建立化工工艺的本质安全评价指标体系,包括可燃性、爆炸性、毒性、反应性、温度、压力、储量等7个指标。为解决前人指数法中的边界波动效应,采用模糊综合评价建立化工工艺本质安全评价指数模型,确定各指标的权重、危险分级及对各分级的隶属函数。以甲基丙烯酸甲酯的5条工艺路线为例进行分析,结论与前人提出的指数方法的评价结果相吻合,表明该指数方法可以用来进行化工工艺的本质安全评价,以指导设计初期的本质安全型工艺路线选择。     

曲线回归与傅里叶级数组合方法在瓦斯抽采量预测中的应用

为解决瓦斯抽采量的预测问题,针对瓦斯抽采量随时间的变化波动性较大的特点,用曲线回归和傅里叶级数组合方法,建立关于瓦斯抽采量的预测模型。首先采用基于最小二乘原理的曲线回归研究瓦斯抽采量总体趋势,得到回归方程。将瓦斯抽采量观测值与曲线回归结果相减,可得瓦斯抽采量各实测值在回归曲线上的波动值。采用Fourier级数分析该波动规律,得到其Fourier级数方程,将回归方程与Fourier级数方程相加即可完成预测模型的建立。研究结果表明,将此模型应用到某矿瓦斯抽采量预测分析中,预测结果精确度可达到98.39%。     

Present status of Rn in groundwater in Extremadura

Radon-222 was measured in groundwater sources of Extremadura (Spain), analyzing 350 samples from private and public springs, wells, and spas by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and gamma spectrometry. The ²²²Rn activity concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 1168 Bq L⁻¹. The statistical analysis showed a log-normal distribution with a mean of (111 ± 7) Bq L⁻¹ and a median of (36 ± 3) Bq L⁻¹. A hydrogeological study revealed correlations between the activity concentration and the aquifer material's characteristics. A map of ²²²Rn in groundwater was elaborated and compared with the natural gamma radiation map for this region. About 35% of the samples showed ²²²Rn activity concentrations above the Euratom recommended limit of 100 Bq L⁻¹. Three uranium series radionuclides (²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, and ²²⁶Ra) were also assayed by alpha-particle spectrometry, estimating the annual effective dose due to the presence of these natural radionuclides in drinking water.     

Role of the rhizosphere of a flooding-tolerant herb in promoting mercury methylation in water-level fluctuation zones

The water-level fluctuation zone (WLFZ) has been considered as a hotspot for mercury (Hg) methylation. Flooding-tolerant herbs are gradually acclimated to this water-land ecotone, tending to form substantial root systems for improving erosion resistance. Accompanying rhizosphere microzone plays crucial but unclear roles in methylmercury (MeHg) formation in the WLFZ. Thus, we conducted this study in the WLFZ of the Three Gorges Reservoir, to explore effects of the rhizosphere of a dominant flooding-tolerant herb (bermudagrass) on MeHg production. The elevated Hg and MeHg in rhizosphere soils suggest that the rhizosphere environment provides favorable conditions for Hg accumulation and methylation. The increased bioavailable Hg and microbial activity in the rhizosphere probably serve as important factors driving MeHg formation in the presence of bermudagrass. Simultaneously, the rhizosphere environments changed the richness, diversity, and distribution of hgcA-containing microorganisms. Here, a typical iron-reducing bacterium (Geobacteraceae) has been screened, however, the majority of hgcA genes detected in rhizosphere, near-, and non-rhizosphere soils of the WLFZ were unclassified. Collectively, these results provide new insights into the elevated MeHg production as related to microbial processes in the rhizosphere of perennial herbs in the WLFZ, with general implications for Hg cycling in other ecosystems with water-level fluctuations.     

非均质含水土层中石油运移的电阻率监测

通过自制三维有机玻璃水槽建立非均质土层,设立浅层和内部两个泄漏点,模拟流动相原油在含水土层中的运移及水位波动条件下的重分布过程,并利用自制高密度电极排及电法仪揭示相应的电阻率响应特征.结果表明：原油在土壤中运移受泄漏源位置、泄漏量及土层结构的影响.同一土层内部泄漏点横向扩散较垂向明显,浅层泄漏点为四周扩散,泄漏量越大污染范围越宽,土层渗透性越高污染深度越深.原油泄漏后存在高阻和低阻异常2种情况,土层结构简单且含油率较高时高阻异常明显;土层组分较复杂尤其是盐分和粘土矿物含量较高,或含水率和含油率较低时,易出现低阻异常.水位升高后土层整体电阻率降低,原油向污染区中心集中;水位下降后电阻率升高,原油向四周分散,水位波动使原油进一步弥散.受内部泄漏点影响,垂向深度上离泄漏点越近（0.08m）污染越重,除此之外泄漏点下部（0.15m）原油含量高于上部（0.04m）,显示内部泄漏点原油下移较上移明显.     

近10年来三峡消落带土壤氮、磷时空分布特征研究

消落带是位于水陆交错带的一种特殊生态系统.消落带土壤作为生态系统中氮、磷元素重要的“源”与“汇”,在生物地球化学循环研究中具有重要意义.该研究基于中国知网CNKI以及Web of Science数据库检索近10年三峡消落带土壤氮、磷研究文献,提取w（TN）、w（TP）数据并进行统计,从宏观尺度上分析w（TN）、w（TP）的时空分布特征.结果表明:①高程分布上,当高程高于155 m时,土壤w（TN）（0.75~1.17 g/kg）随着高程增加呈下降趋势,土壤w（TP）未发生显著变化（0.53~0.60 g/kg）;当高程低于155 m时,土壤w（TN）处于较低水平（0.66~0.86 g/kg）,但w（TP）维持较高水平（0.60~0.76 g/kg）.②时间分布上,消落带土壤w（TN）整体呈现逐年递减的趋势,Pearson相关系数为-0.64,但是w（TP）没有显著变化.③地区分布上,三峡上游库区消落带土壤w（TP）出现显著高值,下游库区w（TN）出现显著高值.研究显示:不同高程土壤受植物残体分解等因素影响,在落干期w（TN）上升,在浸没期向上覆水体释放TN;水位调节导致的淹没强度变化对消落带土壤中TN产生淋溶作用,而对TP的影响较小;对于消落带上游地区应更关注土壤中高w（TP）带来的环境风险,而对于消落带下游地区应更关注因水土流失和非点源输出导致的高w（TN）所致环境风险.      

林窗对岷江冷杉幼苗种群优势度增长与周期性波动的影响

在川西亚高山岷江冷杉原始林中布设样带,开展林窗和林下更新幼苗生长状况调查,采用Logistic模型和谱分析进行种群优势度增长和周期性波动分析。结果表明：Logistic模型能较好地反映出岷江冷杉幼苗种群优势度增长规律,基于基面积和总生物量拟合的种群优势度最大环境容量分别为11.34 mm²/m²和4.64 g/m²,内禀增长率为0.60和0.62,基面积和生物量均能很好地表示岷江冷杉幼苗种群大小。基于基面积拟合和计算的林窗种群的最大环境容纳量、内禀增长率和最大增长速率约为林下种群的4.2倍、1.4倍和5.8倍,最大增长速率出现时间较林下种群早2龄级。谱分析发现岷江冷杉幼苗种群的波动性是多个周期的叠加,大周期内存在着小周期,均以基波振幅最大,林窗种群基波振幅约为林下种群的3倍,谐波对林窗种群影响较林下种群早2龄级。林窗干扰提高了岷江冷杉幼苗种群优势度的环境容纳量和内禀增长率、增强了基波对种群周期性波动的控制,使幼苗种群具有更强的增长优势和相对稳定的生长环境。因此,在岷江冷杉原始林的管理过程中应充分重视林窗的作用。     

三姑泉域岩溶地下水分布特征及子系统识别

通过地质学、岩溶动力学、构造学、地球物理勘探、流体动力学、水文地质试验、水文地球化学及同位素分析等方法,分析了三姑泉域岩溶地下水赋存与富集规律,阐明了可溶岩与构造对岩溶地下水分布的控制;采用多种手段联合方法对三姑泉域的地下水子系统进行了识别。共划分了东丹河、丹河、高平-晋城、赵庄四个地下水子系统。每个子系统内都发育强径流带,径流带内物探结果显示低电阻率,水化学显示低TDS,同位素显示高δ~(18)O、δD值,子系统边界上则呈现了高电阻率,高TDS及低δ~(18)O、δD值的特征。多种研究方法相互印证结论一致,提高了地下水子系统识别的准确度。     

Air Pollution Estimates in Guadalajara City

A method for estimating the impact of industrial emissions is suggested and applied to the Guadalajara City Metropolitan Area (GCMA). The method is based on solutions to the pollution transport model and its adjoint. Two equivalent direct and adjoint mean pollution concentration estimates are considered for ecologically important zones of the GCMA. The dependence of these estimates on the number, positions and emission rates of industrial plants, as well as on the wind and initial pollution distribution in the GCMA is qualitatively and quantitatively examined. It is shown that the adjoint model solutions serve as the influence functions providing valuable information on the role of each of the industrial plants in polluting different zones within the GCMA. These solutions have been calculated with a balanced and absolutely stable second-order finite-difference scheme based on the splitting method. A method for an optimal allocation of a new industrial plant is considered.     

CHALLENGES IN MODELING HYDROLOGIC AND WATER QUALITY PROCESSES IN RIPARIAN ZONES1

This paper presents key challenges in modeling water quality processes of riparian ecosystems: How can the spatial and temporal extent of water and solute mixing in the riparian zone be modeled? What level of model complexity is justified? How can processes at the riparian scale be quantified? How can the impact of riparian ecosystems be determined at the watershed scale? Flexible models need to be introduced that can simulate varying levels of hillslope‐riparian mixing dictated by topography, upland and riparian depths, and moisture conditions. Model simulations need to account for storm event peak flow conditions when upland solute loadings may either bypass or overwhelm the riparian zone. Model complexity should be dictated by the level of detail in measured data. Model algorithms need to be developed using new macro‐scale and meso‐scale experiments that capture process dynamics at the hillslope or landscape scales. Monte Carlo simulations should be an integral part of model simulations and rigorous tests that go beyond simple time series, and point‐output comparisons need to be introduced. The impact of riparian zones on watershed‐scale water quality can be assessed by performing simulations for representative hillsloperiparian scenarios.