BLACK WILLOW CUTTING SURVIVAL IN STREAMBANK PLANTINGS,SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES1

Field studies were conducted on black willow (Salix nigra) cuttings planted for riparian zone restoration along Harland Creek, Twentymile Creek, and Little Topashaw Creek in Mississippi, USA. Planted cuttings were 2.5 to 3 m long and had base diameters of 2.5 to 7.5 cm. Streams were unstable, deeply incised sand bed channels with eroding banks 1 to 6 m high. Soil texture, redox potential (Eh), depth to water table, and willow survival were monitored for two to three years after planting. While many factors influence willow cuttings at restoration sites, soil texture and moisture are key to plant success. In these studies, plant survival and growth were best for cuttings planted in soils with less than 40 percent silt‐clay content and a water table 0.5 m to 1.0 m below the soil surface during the growing season. These conditions produced soil Eh greater than approximately 200 mV and were most often observed 1 to 2 m higher than the bank toe. These findings suggest criteria useful for preplanting site evaluations. Additional evidence suggests that preplanting soaking enhances performance of black willow cuttings. Additional factors (channel erosion, herbivory by beaver, and competition from exotics) may control performance over periods longer than two to three years.     

A LANDSCAPE‐BASED APPROACH TO ESTIMATE RIPARIAN HYDROLOGICAL AND NITRATE REMOVAL FUNCTIONS1

ABSTRACT: This study evaluates a conceptual model developed for riparian zones in Ontario, Canada, that links landscape hydrogeological characteristics to riparian ground water hydrology and nitrate removal efficiency. Data from a range of riparian sites in the United States and Europe suggest that the riparian zone types identified in the model are consistent with patterns of riparian hydrology and nitrate flux and removal in many humid temperate landscapes. These data also support the view that a riparian width of less than 20 m is often sufficient for effective nitrate removal unless riparian sediments are coarse grained or nitrate transport occurs mainly in surface‐fed ground water seeps. This study assesses the possibility of using topographic, soil, surficial geology, and vegetation maps to determine landscape attributes linked by the model to riparian zone hydrological functioning and nitrate removal efficiency. Although mappable data can help in determining broad classes of riparian zones, field visits are necessary to determine non‐mappable riparian attributes such as seeps, organic horizons, and permeable sediment depth in the riparian zone. This research suggests that the conceptual model could be used for landscape management purposes in most temperate landscapes with minor modifications and that the hydrological component of the model could be adapted for contaminants other than nitrate.     

Modeling Contaminant Transport at the Pore-Micropore Interface

Understanding and ultimately simulating the contaminant transport processes occurring in, or around, micropore zones is a topic that will help further the advancement of efficient design and implementation of future remediation techniques. This paper proposes a method to forecast effects of micropores on contaminant transport using a new conceptual method that is based on a model that comprises three zones, namely mobile, immobile, and micropore zones and has two different porosity zones. The model is successfully tested against other established methods (van Genuchten and Wierenga, 1976) and experimental data (Brusseau, 1993).     

黑龙江省勃利县生态环境问题及其保护对策

经过对勃利县的自然生态和地理环境的调查,收集了大量的资料,并根据生态环境的问题,提出了相应的保护对策措施,例如实施天然林保护工程、建立自然保护区、发展生态农业和绿色食品。     

山东省生物多样性保护进展

分析了山东省生物多样性现状及国家重点保护动植物物种保护状况,论述了自然保护区、森林公园和风景名胜区建设与管理特征,指出了外来物种入侵和生物多样性保护存在的问题。     

历史时期中国热带的气候波动与自然灾害

根据沉积、考古、热带动物分布及相关史料得出,中国热带地区历史时期(周代至清代)的气候波动有5个冷期及其间的4个暖期.唐宋以后,自然灾害加剧,其中尤以冷期为甚.中国北方晋至南北朝、南宋、明末的3次人口南迁,对热带地区的人口增长和资源开发有深刻影响.热带地区自然条件相对优越而稳定,自然灾害比北方轻,而且国土开发较晚,经济发展滞后,因而环境状况的变化不如北方剧烈.秦汉时期环境好,唐宋时期环境尚好,明清时期则环境渐趋恶化.     

林火在空间上的波动性及其对全球变化的响应(Ⅰ)

研究表明,林火在时间方向具有一定的周期性,表现为一定频率的火周期。该文应用黑龙江省1980～1999年林火数据,分别计算出每年火灾发生的火点的质心经纬度坐标和火场面积质心的经纬度坐标,用波谱分析研究其质心随年份的波动现象。结果表明,1980-1999年的黑龙江省林火的火场质心分别是以东经126.97°,北纬49.63°为轴作东西、南北波动,波动具有明显的同期性,经度方向和纬度方向的周期均为3.3a,其东西南北波动的最大最小值分别为东经128.68°,北纬52.82°,东经123.08°,北纬46.86°。火点的质心分别以东经127.90°,北纬48.69°为轴作东西、南北方向的波动,波动不具有明显的周期性,其东西南北波动的最大最小值分别为东经129.22°,北纬50.37°,东经125.18°,北纬47.28°。     

不同资源环境梯度下吉林西部生态经济系统能值分析

利用能值方法,从东南-西北方向选取吉林西部长岭、乾安、大安、镇赉四县市进行不同资源环境梯度下生态经济系统演变的对比分析。结果表明1989-2001年研究区多项能值指标差异明显:①系统稳定性方面,降水相对较多的长岭和乾安稳定性强于镇赉和大安。能值密度及能值投入率为长岭>乾安>大安>镇赉。能值产出以及能值积累量呈增大趋势,增幅长岭>乾安>大安>镇赉;②系统产出结构变化显著,虽然种植业比例有所下降,但一直是长岭、乾安的主导产业,镇赉、大安畜牧业超过种植业成为主导产业,系统平均能值产出率为长岭(1.89)<乾安(1.96)<大安(1.99)<镇赉(2.29);③环境负载率长岭<乾安<大安<镇赉,可持续发展指数则相反;④资源环境条件尤其是降水是该区生态经济系统状态的重要影响因素。     

基于TMVOC的水位波动带土壤气相抽提模拟

为探究水位波动对土壤气相抽提（Soil Vapor Extraction，SVE）修复的影响，以西北某傍河石化场地为研究对象，利用TMVOC模拟苯系物的自然衰减过程及不同水位状态下SVE修复过程，从修复效果、相间转化、饱和度演变等方面比较不同条件下苯系物的衰减率.结果显示，该场地较佳的抽提井的压强为9.1×10⁴Pa，影响半径为8m；苯系物在自然衰减、水位稳定状态下SVE修复及水位波动状态下SVE修复12个月后的质量损失分别为17%、85%、96%；水位稳定和水位波动状态下SVE修复12个月后，非水相液体（Non-Aqueous Phase Liquids，NAPL）的饱和度最大可达到0.066和0.044；水位稳定状态下，苯系物在"气-液-NAPL"相去除率逐渐降低，水位波动状态下，在水位下降的阶段，更多的NAPL相苯系物转化为气相，并被抽提气流携带去除.     

透光率脉动法检测水中病原微生物数量的研究

本文介绍了具有抗消毒剂功能的病原微生物的各种检测方法和应用范围。实验研究证明，透光率脉动检测技术可以用于在线连续、准确地检测水中的大多数病原微生物