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61.
IntroductionThesolid/fluidtwophaseflowsareoftenencounteredinmanyenvironmental,chemicalandhydraulicengineering,suchassedimenttransportationinrivers,wastewaterflowwithsolidparticlesandsoon.Recently,considerableeffortsregardingnumericalpredictionshaveb… 相似文献
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重点生态功能区以保持并提高生态产品供给能力为主体功能定位,区内自然环境敏感性和脆弱性突出,研究其人类活动过程中的环境污染源排放特征与空间管控模式,对科学协调保护与利用、切实加强重点生态功能区环境保护和治理水平具有重要意义.以青藏高原重要生态安全屏障区藏东南为例,基于环境污染源的固体废弃物、水体污染物和大气污染物排放强度的分类估算与空间特征解析,探讨面向污染源排放强度和多尺度管控精度的分级空间管控方案.研究结果表明:藏东南环境污染源的排放强度整体较低,雅鲁藏布江和雅尼河谷地因人类生产生活活动密度较大,其污染物排放量显著高于其他区域;在重点生态功能区应建立由7个二级类和21个三级类构成的环境污染源空间管控体系,重点管控以城镇居住区和工矿业生产空间为主的"点状"胁迫、以交通运输场所和人文游憩空间为主的"线状"胁迫、以农业种植区和畜禽养殖区为主的"面状"胁迫;针对藏东南各类环境污染源的空间耦合及交互特征,提出城乡生活集聚型、农牧业生产集聚型和休闲旅游集聚型3种典型区,依次制定"分级处理+资源利用"、"源头减排+就地消纳"、"实时动态监控+绿色设施营造+游憩利用规范"的差异化空间管控模式. 相似文献
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A new method of introducing the free-surface effects in the calculation of turbulent open-channel flows using the amplitude of the free-surface fluctuation is proposed along with a modeling method of the equation for the free-surface fluctuation. It can be incorporated in two-equation models like k-or k-type models by introducing the damping factor to represent the interaction of the eddies with the fluctuating free-surface. Test calculations for fully developed flows and those over backward-facing step indicate good agreement with direct numerical simulation results as well as experimental results. 相似文献
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Piqin Gong 《中国人口.资源与环境(英文版)》2016,14(4):271-281
China has promised to start the national carbon trading system in 2017. In the carbon trading system, the renewable energy projects may obtain additional benefits through the Certified Carbon Emission Reduction (CCER) trade. As the carbon price fluctuates along with the market conditions, such fluctuation enables the renewable power projects to acquire the rights of an option, i.e. it may contain an even higher value due to the uncertainties in the future. While making an investment decision, the renewable power companies may choose to make the investment immediately, or postpone the investment and accumulate more information to increase the return of investment; and for immediate investments, the return must be sufficient to exceed the potential value of a waiting option. To study the investment in renewable power projects subject to the fluctuation of carbon price, this paper adopts the trinomial tree model of real options to estimate the net present value (NPV) and real option value (ROV) of three types of renewable power projects; according to the decision-making rules of real options to defer, all the three types of projects will exercise the option to postpone the investment decision. This thesis also calculates the benchmark prices of the three types of renewable projects at different times, in the two situations of having no government subsidy and having the government subsidy, so as to determine the investment opportunity of a project. The benchmark price decreases gradually along with the increase of government subsidy, indicating that the government subsidy will stimulate the investment in renewable projects. The benchmark price also increases gradually along with the lapse of time, indicating that the uncertainty will increase together with the time span and thus requires an even higher carbon price to determine the investment opportunity. This thesis also analyzes the sensitivity of factors affecting the investment in renewable projects and draws the conclusion that the fluctuation of carbon price is positively related with the benchmark price of renewable power projects, which indicates that the fluctuation of carbon price increases the option value of an investment but postpones the time of investment. As the China’s carbon trading system improves gradually, the carbon price will reach a stable status, thus stimulate the power companies to invest in the renewable projects. 相似文献
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天然沸石中离子交换平衡的离子特异性研究 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
沸石在改良土壤和保护环境等方面有着广泛的应用,研究沸石离子交换中的特异性效应对更好地利用沸石有着重要意义.碱金属离子在天然斜发沸石中的交换平衡时的最大吸附量存在着明显的特异性效应;对于同价的碱金属离子,其交换吸附能力差异随着离子浓度的降低而增大.这种实验现象不能用库仑力、离子体积、水合作用、色散力、经典诱导力以及表面络合等相关理论进行完整解释.分析发现,根本原因来自离子因量子涨落而产生的极化与沸石颗粒表面电荷产生的强电场之间的相互作用,这种相互作用导致了离子间偶极矩差异随着表面电位的升高而增大,进而使离子-表面吸附能差异增大,并出现不同的交换吸附能力.由于沸石表面电荷密度较高,离子体积效应对其在双电层中的分布也起着比较重要的作用,导致碱金属离子在沸石表面的交换平衡结果在高表面电位(绝对值大于0.2 V)下才表现出较大选择性,与低电荷密度表面上的交换平衡结果存在一定差异. 相似文献