单甲脒水中溶解度及正辛醇／水分配系数的测定

有毒有机化合物在水中的溶解度(WS)及正辛醇/水分配系数(K_(ow)),是描述其在环境中行为的两个重要物理化学参数。本文用溶解度平衡曲线法和振荡法,测得单甲脒在水中的溶解度为21.8±1.3mg/1(25℃),其在正辛醇/水中的分配系数lgK_(ow)为2.92±0.06。     

Selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution by triolein-embedded composite adsorbent

A novel composite adsorbent (CA-T) was used for the selective removal of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) from aqueous solution. The adsorbent was composed of the supporting activated carbon and the surrounding triolein-embedded cellulose acetate membrane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N₂ adsorption isotherms and fluorescence methods were used to characterize the physicochemical properties of CA-T. Triolein was perfectly embedded in the cellulose acetate membrane and deposited on the surface of activated carbon. The adsorbent was stable in water and no triolein leakage was detected during the test periods. Some organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), such as dieldrin, endrin, aldrin, and heptachlor epoxide, were used as model contaminants and removed by CA-T in laboratory batch experiments. The adsorption isotherm followed the Freundlich equation and the kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order reaction model. Results also indicated that CA-T appeared to be a promising adsorbent with good selectivity and satisfactory removal rate for lipophilic OCPs from aqueous solutions when present in trace amounts. The adsorption rate and removal efficiency for lipophilic OCPs were positively related to their octanol-water partition coefficients (log K _ow). Lower residual concentrations of OCPs were achieved when compared to granular activated carbon (GAC).     

三丁基锡的生物富集与分配行为

测定了不同pH和盐度条件下三丁基锡（TBT）在罗非鱼（Tilapia）体内的生物富集系数（BCF）及其在正辛醇－水体系的分配系数（Kow）和人工合成生物膜－水体系的分配系数（Dmw），并对其相关关系进行了探讨。富集实验进行了168h，TBT在pH=8时的富集初始速率和168hBCF明显高于pH=6时，pH6和8时的BCF分别为754．9和1132．1。坜度对生物富集也存在较大影响，盐度为0‰、15.0‰和25．0‰时的BCF分别为1071．8、871．8和276．6。TBT的Kow和Dmw也表现为随pH升高而升高、随盐度升高而下降的趋势，但Dmw能更精确地预测TBT的BCF随环境条件的变化。     

Occurrence and partition of perfluorinated compounds in water and sediment from Liao River and Taihu Lake, China

The concentrations of four perfluorinated sulfonate acids (PFSAs) and 10 perfluorinated carboxylate acids (PFCAs) were measured in water and sediment samples from Liao River and Taihu Lake, China. In the water samples from Taihu Lake, PFOA and PFOS were the most detected perfluorinated compounds (PFCs); in Liao River, PFHxS was the predominant PFC followed by PFOA, while PFOS was only detected in two of the samples. This suggests that different PFC products are used in the two regions. PFOS and PFOA in both watersheds are at similar level as in the rivers of Japan, but significantly lower than in Great Lakes. The contributions of PFOS and long chain PFCAs in sediments were much higher than in water samples of both watersheds, indicating preferential partition of these PFCs in sediment. The concentrations of PFOS and PFOA were three orders of magnitude of lower than that of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the same sediments. The average sediment-water partition coefficients (log K_oc) of PFHxS, PFOS and PFOA were determined to be 2.16, 2.88 and 2.28 respectively.     

农药微生物降解性与农药疏水性参数间的相关性

在纯培养条件下，产碱菌属广说性降解菌ＹＦ１１对对硫磷，甲基对硫磷，杀螟松，氰戊菊酯，溴氰菊酯，甲氰菊酯，氯氰菊酯，三氟氯氰菊酯，氯菊酯的降解速率的差异主要是由各杀虫剂的疏水性参数的不同引起的，两之间存在较好的相关性：ｌｏｇＫ＝２．２１－０．２６ｌｏｇＫｏｗ，ｒ＝０．９７３９。     

一种区域环境风险评价方法——信息扩散法

针对区域环境风险多源、多途径和多敏感目标的特点,基于网格法提出一种区域环境风险评价的信息扩散法.该方法基于模糊集理论,可对单个环境风险源的风险值进行有效扩散.通过信息扩散获得的区域环境风险值可在一定的区域环境风险分级标准下进行聚类分析,并得到环境风险分区图.选取广州市南沙区黄阁镇和南沙镇为案例应用该方法进行区域环境风险评估.结果表明,利用该方法可为政府部门优化产业布局、制订风险预防措施和应急管理措施等提供科学依据.     

阴-阳离子协同改性凹土对三氯乙烯的吸附

文章通过凹凸棒土对三氯乙烯(TCE)的吸附动力学实验、等温平衡吸附实验及环境影响因素实验,探讨了凹凸棒土对TCE的去除机理及其影响因素。研究发现,相对于原土,有机改性凹凸棒土对TCE的去除效果有明显的提高,并随着有机碳含量的加大而升高,其去除机制主要为凹凸棒土上的有机相对TCE的分配作用,并以阴阳离子有机凹凸棒土100 HTDMA/100 SDS的吸附效果最好。在TCE初始浓度为100 mg·L-1,温度30℃、pH为(9±0.5),吸附时间2 h条件下,采用等摩尔凹凸棒土阳离子交换容量(CEC)的HTDMA和SDS协同改性的凹凸棒土(即100 HTDMA/100 SDS凹凸棒土)对污染水中TCE的去除率达到最高,并稳定维持在62%左右。