二妃山垃圾填埋场地下水环境质量浅析

以武汉市二妃山垃圾填埋场的渗滤液和周边地下水环境质量为研究对象,2007年12月采取垃圾填埋场的渗滤液和周边居民自用水井的地下水进行检测分析和模糊评价。测试目标为pH、总硬度和阴阳离子等。经检测后发现垃圾渗滤液中大部分金属离子含量比较高,部分水井中Fe、Hg、Mn、Pb、NO3离子超过地下水质量标准GB／T14848—1993三级标准,可见垃圾填埋场对周边地下水产生了一定的影响。     

壳寡／聚糖系列衍生物对铅离子的吸附研究

比较了9种壳寡/聚糖系列衍生物作为吸附剂对同一浓度铅离子的吸附,结果为交联香草醛壳聚糖（CTSV-G）〉香草醛壳聚糖（CTSV）〉羧甲基壳聚糖（CM-CTS）〉巯基化壳寡糖（O-CTS-SH）〉壳寡糖（O-CTS）〉香草醛壳寡糖（O-CTSV）〉壳聚糖（CTS）〉壳寡糖硫酸酯（O-CTSS）〉羧甲基壳寡糖（CM-O-CTS）;比较了同一吸附剂对不同浓度的铅离子的吸附率,其吸附率随着溶液浓度的升高而降低。研究了各吸附剂在铅、镉、铬金属离子竞争中对铅吸附的影响,结果表明各吸附剂对镉和铅离子的吸附效果最好,可达80%,对铬离子吸附较少,在40%左右。     

Adverse effects of metal exposure on chemotaxis towards water-soluble attractants regulated mainly by ASE sensory neuron in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

Chemotaxis to water-soluble attractants is mainly controlled by ASE sensory neuron whose specification is regulated by che-1 in Caenorhabditis elegans. Our data suggested that exposure to high concentrations of metals, such as Pb, Cu, Ag, and Cr, would result in severe defects of chemotaxis to water-soluble attractants of NaCl, cAMP, and biotin. Moreover, the morphology of ASE neuron structures as observed by relative fluorescent intensities and relative size of fluorescent puncta of cell bodies, relative lengths of sensory endings in ASE neurons, and the expression patterns of che-1 were obviously altered in metal exposed animals when they meanwhile exhibited obvious chemotaxis defects to water-soluble attractants. In addition, the dendrite morphology could be noticeably changed in animals exposed to 150 mol/L of Pb, Cu, and Ag. Furthermore, we observed significant decreases of chemotaxis to water-soluble attractants in Pb exposed che-1 mutant at concentrations more than 2.5 mol/L, and in Cu, Ag, and Cr exposed che-1 mutant at concentrations more than 50 mol/L. Therefore, impairment of the ASE neuron structures and functions may largely contribute to the appearance of chemotaxis defects to water-soluble attractants in metal exposed nematodes.     

Modelling sulphate-enhanced cadmium uptake by Zea mays from nutrient solution under conditions of constant free Cd2+ ion activity

A controlled hydroponic experiment was undertaken to investigate Cd uptake in relation to the activity of Cd species in solution other than the free ion (Cd²⁺) by maintaining a constant Cd²⁺ activity under variable SO₄₂⁻ and Cl⁻ concentrations exposed to maize (Zea mays var. Cameron) plants. The objectives of these experiments were: (1) to distinguish and quantify the different uptake rates of free and inorganic-complexed Cd from nutrient solution, and (2) to model the uptake of Cd by maize with a Biotic Ligand Model (BLM) in a system which facilitates the close examination of root characteristics. Results of the current experiments suggest that, in addition to the free ion, CdSO₄⁰ complexes are important factors in determining Cd uptake in nutrient solution by maize plants. Higher nominal SO₄²⁻ concentrations in solution generally resulted in a greater Cd accumulation by maize plants than predicted by the Cd²⁺ activity. A better integration of the complete dataset for the 3 harvest times (6, 9 and 11 days after treatment) was achieved by including consideration of both the duration of Cd exposure and especially the root surface area to express Cd uptake. Similarly, the fit of the BLM was also improved when taking into account exposure time and expressing uptake in terms of root morphological parameters.     

载铜蒙脱石对大肠杆菌K88吸附性能的研究

以蒙脱石(MMT)和硫酸铜为主要原料,制备了载铜蒙脱石(MMT-Cu),并对MMT-Cu吸附大肠杆菌K88的能力进行比较研究.结果表明:MMT和MMT-Cu对大肠杆菌K88均有较强的吸附作用,但载铜后蒙脱石吸附大肠杆菌的能力明显增强.细菌与吸附材料作用90min后可达到吸附平衡.介质pH值、离子强度和吸附温度对MMT和MMT-Cu吸附细菌的能力均有不同程度的影响.     

零价铁（ZVI）去除Cu2+的特性及机制研究

研究了零价铁去除水溶液中铜离子的影响因素及动力学特性,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)分析对反应机制进行了探讨.结果表明,当溶液中Cu2+的浓度为300 mg/L,零价铁的用量为1 g/L时,Cu2+的去除率99%.Cu2+的去除速度很快,且反应前30min零价铁去除Cu2+的过程可以用一级反应动力学方程模拟.零价铁去除Cu2+的机制主要基于氧化还原反应,Cu2+的还原产物主要为Cu和Cu2O.     

受限空间环境压力对三元锂离子电池热失控影响*

为研究三元锂离子电池在空运低压环境中的安全性,通过自主设计搭建的封闭式变压实验舱开展相关实验,对不同荷电状态（SOC）下的三元锂离子电池在不同压力环境（101,80,60,40 kPa）下的热失控特性进行研究,采集电池热失控过程中的温度以及实验舱内的压力变化,并对热失控后实验舱内的气体成分进行分析。结果表明:三元锂离子电池热稳定性随着SOC的升高而下降,常压下100%SOC的电池热失控温度可达650.8 ℃,初始环境压力越低,相同SOC的电池热失控最高温度越低。随着环境压力的降低,相同SOC的电池在热失控后会生成更多CO,且电解液占比升高。研究结果可为锂离子电池空运安全性研究提供理论依据。     

复合菌系RXS中木质纤维素降解酶类分析

复合菌系RXS能分泌多种木质纤维素降解酶,为探究这些酶在木薯渣降解中的作用,对RXS的培养时间、酶作用的温度和pH值,以及添加金属离子对酶活性和降解效果的影响进行了研究。结果表明,在培养48 h后,木聚糖酶(Xylanase)、滤纸酶(FPAase)和内切葡聚糖酶(CMCase)酶活性均达到最大值(分别为56.02 U/m L、3.14U/m L和6.78 U/m L),pH=6.0(FPAase和Xylanase的最适pH值)、温度为55℃(FPAase和CMCase酶活性最高)条件下,RXS酶液处理可使木薯渣的失重率达到18.78%,纤维素和半纤维素质量分数分别由31.46%和20.19%下降到22.12%和12.23%。添加Cu~(2+)有效地抑制了酶液中FPAase和Xylanase的酶活性,木薯渣几乎不降解,纤维素和半纤维素组分质量分数基本不发生变化;分别添加Co~(2+)和Zn~(2+)时,对3种酶均有一定程度的抑制,木薯渣失重率仅为3.29%和4.70%;分别添加Fe~(2+)、Mg~(2+)时,FPAase酶活性被抑制,Xylanase与CMCase共同降解底物,木薯渣失重率分别达12.77%和15.81%,纤维素和半纤维素质量分数明显降低。研究表明,Xylanase与CMCase是复合菌系中降解木薯渣的关键酶,其协同作用可使木薯渣有效降解。     

烟台夹河河口海水混合过程的地球化学特征研究

海(咸)水混入是河口河水重要的地质过程,深刻地影响河水地球化学过程。本文系统采集夹河河口水样,分析海淡水混合过程的地球化学特征。结果表明,远离河口段(J10~J14)为淡水性质,主要受水-岩作用及人类活动等影响;近河口段(J1~J8)海水混入严重,F~-、Cl~-、Br~-、SO~(2-)_4、Na~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、盐度等明显较高,主要受海水混入影响。近河口段存在Na-Ca离子交换过程,约占Na~+总量的0.9%~1.5%,离子交换量随海水混入比例增加而增加,Na~+离子交换量与K~+,Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Br~-、F~-、SO~(2-)_4离子交换量相关,且河水离子含量与盐度回归系数略低于与盐度、Na~+交换量回归系数,表明河口段河水离子交换影响河水地球化学特征。     

2013年1月南京强霾时期大气细颗粒物污染特征分析

2013年1月,南京经历了一次重大持续性灰霾污染过程。利用在线气体及气溶胶监测系统和扫描电迁移率颗粒物粒径谱仪,通过研究颗粒物质量浓度,主要水溶性无机离子浓度,不同时段颗粒物的数谱分布及其日变化分布,二次气溶胶及黑碳与能见度的相关性等多个方面,较为全面地分析了重霾时期大气细颗粒物的污染特征。