春节期间南京气溶胶质量浓度和化学组成特征

为研究春节期间燃放烟花爆竹对城市大气气溶胶质量浓度和化学组成分布特征的影响,对南京市2012年1月19~31日大气气溶胶质量浓度和水溶性离子及重金属等化学成分进行了观测.结果表明:烟花爆竹的大量集中燃放可使PM1.0的浓度以15.5μg/(m3·h)的速率增长;并使得能见度以1.625km/h的速率急剧下降.质量浓度谱和水溶性离子谱在燃放期均为三峰型分布,在非燃放期为双峰型分布.燃放期PM2.1和PM1.1中的K+、SO42-、NO3-、Cl-和Mg2+所占的比例比非燃放期升高了16%~38%,其他离子浓度变化不大.对于0.2~2.0μm的气溶胶,春节期间硝酸盐、含锌和含铜颗粒主要来自烟花爆竹燃放,含钾颗粒部分来自烟花爆竹燃放,含铅颗粒来自工业排放,烟花爆竹的燃放基本不产生硫酸盐颗粒.     

镁离子对氧化亚铁硫杆菌生物合成次生铁矿物的影响

通过摇瓶实验,在Mg2+分别为48,4.8mg/L,其他元素组成与9K液体培养基一致的体系中,采用氧化亚铁硫杆菌A. ferrooxidans催化合成次生铁矿物.考察了Mg2+含量对生物合成次生铁矿物体系pH值、氧化还原电位(ORP)、Fe2+氧化率、总Fe沉淀率、次生铁矿物矿相及矿物晶体尺寸的影响.结果表明,经过48h培养,Mg2+浓度为48,4.8mg/L生物成矿体系pH值分别从原来的2.50降低至2.30,2.19,ORP分别从初始259mV增加至269mV,276mV.两体系Fe2+氧化率培养至第48h均达到100%,然而两体系总Fe沉淀率及矿物形态及却不尽相同.Mg2+浓度为48mg/L生物成矿体系,总Fe沉淀率为23.7%,次生矿物紧密粘附于三角瓶底部.而Mg2+浓度为4.8mg/L生物成矿体系,总Fe沉淀率达到32.2%,次生矿物却均匀分散于溶液中.两体系合成次生铁矿物均为黄铁矾与施氏矿物共存的混合物,Mg2+含量4.8mg/L体系合成黄铁矾单个晶体长度(~1.60μm)约为Mg2+含量48mg/L体系的1.2倍.     

南京地区大气气溶胶及水溶性无机离子特征分析

于2010~2011年在南京市城郊两个采样点收集了气溶胶样品,并利用离子色谱(IC)法分析了其中的水溶性无机离子成分.结果表明,采样期间除了夏季,其他3个季节南京城郊气溶胶污染都较严重.南京城郊气溶胶谱分布特征基本在0.65~2.1μm和5.8~9μm粒径段出现峰值.PM2.5与能见度的相关性很大.城郊离子总质量浓度均是春冬季高于夏秋季,四季阴离子质量浓度明显高于阳离子,且这一特征在细粒子上表现明显.水溶性离子在气溶胶中所占比例是夏秋冬季城区高于郊区.南京城郊NO3-/SO42-年均值表明采样期间燃煤仍然是主要污染源,且该比值夏季最低,冬季最高.NH4+、K+、NO3-和SO42-主要富集在细粒子上;Na+、Cl-和NO2-在粗粒子和细粒子上都有富集;Ca2+、Mg2+和F-主要在粗粒子上富集.因子分析(FA)的方法表明南京城区气溶胶主要有3个来源.     

离子对氧化铁纳米颗粒水中聚集作用的影响

研究了不同电解质(NaCl、CaCl2、KCl、K2SO4和K2CrO4)对氧化铁纳米颗粒(Fe2O3NP)聚集作用的影响,并用聚集效率来衡量聚集作用变化,用DLVO理论对各因素的影响进行解释.实验表明:浓度和价态的升高会显著增强NP的聚集作用;阴离子对NP聚集作用的影响强于阳离子(以KCl为对照,K2SO4引起了比CaCl2更显著的变化);K2CrO4的影响显著大于其他离子(0.5mmol/L的K2CrO4即可引起剧烈的聚集).通过DLVO理论发现:离子在较低浓度增长或价态的上升,会同时降低ζ电位和双电层厚度以促进聚集作用;阴离子和K2CrO4较阳离子,会更显著地降低ζ电位,从而加速聚集作用;浓度在较高区间变化时ζ电位相对稳定,此时双电层的压缩是促进聚集作用的主要原因.     

褐菖鲉肝HSC70基因的环介导等温扩增技术的建立及对石油污染的剂量效应研究

从褐菖鲉肝脏中克隆了热休克蛋白HSC70基因,利用环介导等温扩增技术(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)建立HSC70基因的定量检测方法。为检测该方法的可行性,将褐菖鲉分别暴露于石油水溶性成分(water-soluble fraction,WSF) 20、60、180 μg·L^-1 1 d后,利用real-time PCR及LAMP技术同时测定褐菖鲉肝HSC70 mRNA表达量,两种方法测定结果基本一致,证实LAMP技术可用于褐菖鲉肝HSC70基因的定量。为更细致了解石油WSF影响褐菖鲉肝脏HSC70基因表达的剂量－效应关系,将褐菖鲉分别暴露于25、50、75、100、125、150、175 μg·L^-1 WSF中,5天后采样,用LAMP技术定量检测HSC70 mRNA。结果表明,HSC70 mRNA表达量在50 μg·L^-1浓度组即被显著诱导,在75 μg·L^-1浓度下达到最大值,这说明褐菖鲉肝HSC70基因对石油污染较敏感,有潜力作为海洋石油污染的生物标志物。     

Temporal evolution of charged and neutral nanoparticle concentrations during atmospheric new particle formation events and its implications for ion-induced nucleation

Time series of nanoparticle number concentration during new particle formation (NPF) events in the urban environment of Brisbane, Australia, showed that the formation of charged particles often occurred before that of neutral particles. We monitored 241 days during the calendar year 2012 over which NPF events were observed on 108 days. We studied the times at which the charged and neutral particle concentrations in the size range 1.8–3.2 nm reached their peak values and found that they were clearly different in 50 events with the peak neutral particle concentration lagging behind the charged particle concentration during 42 of these events with a mean time lag of 24±12 min. While the charged particles were more likely to form before the neutral particles, once formed, the growth rate of the particles did not depend on their charge. While ion-induced nucleation is not the dominant mechanism of NPF in the atmosphere, our observations suggest that the presence of ions in the atmosphere plays a role that cannot be ignored.

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Characterization of electrode fouling during electrochemical oxidation of phenolic pollutant

• Electrode fouling is characterized by non-destructive characterization. • Electrode fouling is highly dependent on electrochemical process. • Active chlorine can prevent the formation of polymeric fouling film. Electrode fouling is a problem that commonly occurs during electro-oxidation water purification. This study focused on identifying the fouling behavior of Pt electrode associated with the formation of polymeric layer during electro-oxidation of phenol. The in situ electrochemical measurements and non-destructive observation of the electrode morphology were reported. The results demonstrated that the electrode fouling was highly dependent on thermodynamic process of electrode that was controlled by anode potential. At anode potential lower than 1.0 V vs SHE, the direct electro-oxidation caused the electrode fouling by the formation of polymeric film. The fouling layer decreased the electrochemically active surface area from 8.38 cm² to 1.57 cm², indicated by the formation of polymeric film with thickness of 2.3 mm, increase in mass growing at a rate of 3.26 μg/cm²/min. The degree to which the anode was fouled was independent of anion in the electrolyte. In comparison, at anode potential higher than 2.7 V vs SHE, the anions (e.g., chloride) could exert a major influence to the behavior of electrode fouling. The presence of chloride was shown to mitigate the fouling of electrode significantly through preventing the formation of polymeric film by active chlorine (e.g., Cl• and Cl₂) produced from anodic oxidation of chloride. Since chloride is the most abundant anionic species existing in both natural and engineered water system, this study not only offers a deep insight into the mechanism of electrode fouling, but also suggests strategies for anti-fouling in the presence of chloride in electro-oxidation process.     

无机离子对左旋葡聚糖光降解的影响

左旋葡聚糖(LG)被广泛作为生物质燃烧的示踪剂.然而,近年来研究表明左旋葡聚糖在大气中不稳定而会发生光降解.此外,对于大气中含量较高的SO₄^2-、NO₃-、NO₂-无机离子对LG光解的影响罕有报到.为此,本文模拟了液相中SO₄^2-、NO₃-、NO₂-对LG光氧化行为的影响.结果表明,Na2SO₄、NaNO₃、NaNO₂条件下LG光解速率常数分别为0.208、0.182、0.165 min^-1,均低于对照组(0.266 min-1),这表明无机离子的存在会减缓LG光降解速率.此外,这3种无机离子对LG光解产物中的低分子脂肪酸分布,甲酸/乙酸(C1/C2)比率均有重要的影响.其中,SO₄^2-存在下产物中戊二酸较多、NO₃-存在下产物中甲酸较多、NO₂-存在下产物中乙酸较多;NO₂-存在下产物中的C1/C2比率小于1与一般二次源中的C1/C2比率不一致,这表明由单一反应引起的C1/C2并不总是大于1.这些结果对于我们深刻理解大气液相中的有机物转化具有重要的参考价值.     

南通市PM2.5中水溶性离子季节分布特征

对南通市2016年12月-2018年10月大气污染季节分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,南通市ρ(PM2.5)和ρ(水溶性离子)为冬、春季高,夏、秋季低。春夏秋冬四季ρ(水溶性离子)占ρ(PM2.5)百分比分别为68.2%,70.6%,64.5%和74.5%,其中二次离子SNA(NO3-、SO42-和NH4+)占ρ(PM2.5)的百分比分别为63.1%,67.0%,59.3%和66.8%;ρ(NO3-)/ρ(SO42-)表明,移动源已成为南通市春、秋、冬季的主要污染源,四季均存在不同程度的二次转化,且SO2的转化率均大于NO2,NO2冬季转化率最大、夏季最小,SO2夏季转化率最大、秋季最小。南通市NO2转化为硝酸盐的主要形式是气相均相反应,非均相反应和均相反应对SO2转化为硫酸盐的贡献差异不大。     

Gas–liquid chromatography for fenvalerate residue analysis: alterations in the ionic concentration and associated adinosine triphosphatases in fish,Cirrhinus mrigala (hamilton)

In the present study, an attempt has been made to quantify the fenvalerate accumulated in different tissues (gill, muscle and liver) and observe changes involved in the levels of sodium, potassium and calcium ions and Na⁺–K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities in the freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala on short-term and long-term exposure to the median lethal and sublethal concentration of fenvalerate. Residue analysis using gas–liquid chromatography (GLC) technique revealed that fenvalerate accumulated in highest quantity in gill followed by liver and muscle under median lethal concentration (6?µg?L^?1). Whereas in sublethal concentration (0.6?µg?L^?1), muscle accumulated highest quantity followed by gill and liver, which might be due to the fact that fenvalerate is highly lyphophilic. The ion concentration and ATPase activity were found effected in fish exposed to lethal and sublethal concentrations of fenvalerate. Concentration of Na⁺, K⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions decreased in gill, muscle and liver on being exposed to median lethal concentration to a significant level. Whereas the changes were not highly pronounced at sub lethal level indicating low concentration of fenvalerate and its non-toxic effect at chronic exposure. Na⁺–K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ATPases activity were also found decreased in correspondence to the ionic change under median lethal and sub lethal concentrations in target tissues. This might have lead to behavioural changes and create wide-spread disturbance in the normal physiology, ultimately causing the death of the fish. The results suggest that in biomonitoring programmes, ions and associated ATPases can be a good diagnostic tool for fenvalerate toxicity.