Nature Reserve and Ecotourism Development in China's Wuzhishan Mountain Region

Abstract

As the protected areas of land and coastal environment, nature reserves are designed to address how to reconcile the conservation of biodiversity, the quest for economic and social development and the maintenance of cultural values. This paper establishes a framework for nature reserve development that seeks to incorporate ecotourism into its strategies. The overall purpose was to identify the information needs required for a comprehensive nature reserve that incorporates ecotourism related values. It also illustrates the utility of this framework in the context of the Wuzhishan Mountain Region of China. A literature review, the first phase of a visionary strategy and a subsequent gap analysis for available management information were undertaken in order to achieve this paper's purpose. Finally, recommendations are presented for integrating ecotourism into nature reserve development in the Wuzhishan Mountain Region.     

四川省甘孜州松茸栖息地动态变化研究

应用3S技术结合野外调查,对甘孜州松茸栖息地10 a间（1994~2004）的动态变化特征进行综合分析。结果表明：（1）根据建群种的生活型可将松茸栖息地划分为3大栖息地类型（12个群系）,分别为硬叶常绿阔叶林栖息地、针阔叶混交林栖息地以及针叶林栖息地;（2）松茸栖息地破碎化整体上呈增加趋势,主要表现为最大斑块指数减小,斑块边界总密度、形状指数及多样性指数增大;（3）至2004年松茸栖息地总面积达1 728 96309 hm2,较1994年面积增加4329%;新增川滇高山栎川西云杉混交林和高山松黄背栎混交林两大斑块类型,面积分别为409 95468 hm2和24 61428 hm2;栖息地面积、类型及数量的增加,对破碎化的发展速度起到一定的延缓作用;（4）鳞皮冷杉林、高山松林、川滇高山栎川西云杉混交林以及高山栎鳞皮冷杉混交林为栖息地的优势斑块类型,有必要对其乔木层片与灌木层片中栎类植物的组成比例进行调整,改善栖息地环境质量     

人工冻结法调控多年冻土区桩基础地温场的效果分析*

为了解决青藏铁路运营过程中,由于多年冻土地基的升温退化,部分多年冻土区桥梁桩基础承载性能下降,产生有害沉降变形,进而造成桥梁上部结构移位破坏,甚至部分桥梁桩基础在短时间内产生较大的沉降变形这一严重问题。基于当前多年冻土区桥梁桩基础沉降病害快速抢修技术空缺,提出人工冻结技术处置多年冻土区桥梁桩基础沉降病害的新设想,利用数值软件建立冻结管-桩基础三维模型分析该技术的可行性与调控效果,分析冻结参数、场地冻土条件等对冻结效果的影响。研究结果表明:人工冻结法可以快速降低桩周多年冻土温度;同时,冻结96 h可以对桩基地温场起到较好的冷却效果;冻结管至桩的距离对冻结效果的影响最为显著,冻土的含冰量越大,则降温速率越慢。     

基于时空混合效应模型的京津冀PM2.5浓度变化模拟

为揭示京津冀地区高精度PM_2.5的时空分布特征,以空间分辨率为1 km的MAIAC AOD数据为主要预测因子,以气象数据、植被指数、夜间灯光数、人口密度和海拔数据作为辅助因子,构建了一种新的时空混合效应模型（STLME）,在拟合最优次区域划分方案基础上对京津冀地区PM_2.5浓度进行预测分析.结果表明,基于STLME模型的ρ(PM_2.5)预测精度高于传统的线性混合效应模型（LME）,其十折交叉验证（CV）R²为0.91,明显高于LME模型的0.87,说明STLME模型在同时校正PM_2.5-AOD关系的时空异质性方面具有优势.最优次区域划分方案识别出PM_2.5-AOD关系的空间差异,并结合缓冲区平滑方法,提高了STLME模型预测精度.京津冀PM_2.5浓度时空变化差异显著,高值区主要分布在以石家庄、邢台和邯郸为中心的河北南部,低值区则位于燕山-太行山区;冬季PM_2.5污染最严重,其次是秋季和春季,夏季污染最轻.STLM...     

Measurement of the scarcity of soil in agriculture

The paper defines the concept of land degradation and costs and effects of soil erosion. Through the concept of optimal levels of soil erosion, a conceptual model of the social costs of soil degradation is elaborated. The discussion focuses on the measurement aspects of the economic scarcity of soil in the agriculture sector. Reliable estimates of the true impacts of soil degradation can only be made if data on marginal damage costs and marginal conservation costs are available. The different scarcity indicators are evaluated and competitive land rental prices are considered as appropriate in indicating soil scarcity in agriculture.     

太湖地区农田土壤中铵态氮和硝态氮的时空变异

对太湖地区农田土壤3种主要水稻土类型:白土、黄泥土和乌栅土在小麦和水稻生长期间土壤剖面中NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量的时空变异进行了研究.结果表明:NH₄⁺-N在1a中的2月份和9月含量较高;4月份和11月的含量较低.NH₄⁺-N在土壤剖面中的空间变异为土壤上层到土壤下层呈逐渐递减趋势,以表土层含量为最高,在40cm以下基本上趋于稳定.NO₃^--N的含量低于NH₄⁺-N,在1a中小麦生长季节(旱作)高于水稻生长季节(水作);NO₃^--N在土壤剖面中的空间变异为:旱作时的土壤表层到底层迅速下降;但在水稻生长季节土壤剖面中表层土壤的NO₃^--N含量低于底层的NO₃^--N的含量,出现明显的淋溶现象.在旱作期间NO₃^--N随NH₄⁺-N呈指数曲线变化,而在水稻生长期间没有这种关系.NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N含量与土壤有机质呈显著的直线线性正相关关系.但NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N仅在旱作时随土壤粘粒含量和土壤pH值的升高而呈对数曲线下降.     

The effect of model structure and data in modeling land conditions in disturbed complex ecosystems

Off-road vehicles increase soil erosion by reducing vegetation cover and other types of ground cover, and by changing the structure of soil. The investigation of the relationship between disturbance from off-road vehicles and the intensity of the activities that involve use of vehicles is essential for water and soil conservation and facility management. Models have been developed in a previous study to predict disturbance caused by off-road vehicles. However, the effect of data on model quality and model performance, and the appropriate structure of models have not been previously investigated. In order to improve the quality and performance of disturbance models, this study was designed to investigate the effects of model structure and data. The experiment considered and tested: (1) two measures of disturbance based on the Vegetation Cover Factor (C Factor) of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and Disturbance Intensity; (2) model structure using two modeling approaches; and (3) three subsets of data. The adjusted R-square and residuals from validation data are used to represent model quality and performance, respectively. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to identify factors which have significant effects on model quality and performance. The results of the ANOVA show that subsets of data have significant effects on both model quality and performance for both measures of disturbance. The ANOVA also detected that the C Factor models have higher quality and performance than the Disturbance models. Although modeling approaches are not a significant factor based on the ANOVA tests, models containing interaction terms can increase the adjusted R-squares for nearly all tested conditions and the maximum improvement can reach 31%.     

Environmentally adjusted productivity measurement: an Australian case study

This paper critically examines various methods for estimating productivity incorporating environmental effects for the Australian agricultural sector. The agricultural sector has been selected because of its strategic position in the economy of Australia. The findings of this study indicate that the application of environmentally adjusted productivity methods is a credible approach to measure productivity, in the context of sustainable development. Although the empirical findings of this research are case study specific, the results provide evidence supporting the adoption of these techniques to other sectors of the economy when measuring productivity and needing to be cognisant of sustainable development. The findings suggest that adjusting for the environmental impacts of soil erosion can result in higher or lower agricultural productivity depending on the assumptions we make regarding damage costs of erosion. It is argued in this paper that, for soil erosion in Australia, assumptions yielding higher productivity (i.e., upwardly adjusted) are justified. Finally, the findings of this study and the use of the methods presented point to important gaps in data availability. This gap needs to be addressed by policy makers if sustainable development objectives are to be credibly assessed using these techniques.     

五台山亚高山草甸小格局分析

用种毗连法和种小区法对五台山２４００２８００ｍ的亚高山草甸的小格局分析．结果表明：在小格局中，大部分种与优势种苔草呈正关联；小格局规模都较小，各个种趋于交错分布；不同规模的格局应用不同的分析方法，小格局不能用中格局分析方法进行研究；种小区法和种毗连法都是有效的小格局分析方法，从本文结果看前者优于后者．     

黄土高原水土流失区生态退耕对粮食生产的可能影响

根据黄土高原水土流失区有关各省区制定的退耕规划,分析了生态退耕对粮食生产产生的可能影响。(1)生态退耕将直接减少粮食147.92×104t,由此退耕还林还草可能会带来粮食产量的暂时下降。(2)从生态退耕的正面影响看,退耕节省下来的生产要素的转移可以带来未退耕耕地粮食产量的增加;同时技术进步、中低产田改造等农业基础设施的建设和生态环境的改善,势必也对粮食生产产生促进和推动作用。(3)粮食需求预测表明,2010年黄土高原水土流失区粮食总量将达1 400.71×104t,在人均400kg,425kg和450kg水平下粮食需求分别为1 389.34×104t,470.37×104t和1 563.01×104t。从A方案看,就黄土高原水土流失区整体而言将不会出现粮食短缺;但具体到分区而言,黄土丘陵区必须通过粮食调入才能满足本区需求,而黄土台塬区则有一定盈余。