Forestry best management practices for timber harvesting and site preparation in the eastern United States: An overview of water quality and productivity research during the past 20 years (1982–2002)

Forestry Best Management Practices (BMPs) were developed to protect water quality. In the eastern US, those BMPs were often expanded to include maintenance of site productivity. Generally, BMPs recommend the use of pre-harvest planning and careful design for construction of roads and other activities that expose bare soil, minimizing trafficking and areas of bare soil, maintaining streamside management zones, ensuring rapid revegetation following harvesting, minimizing soil disturbance, and ameliorating severe trafficking with site preparation. This review of peer-reviewed research from the past 20 years examined the effects of forest harvesting and site preparation on water quality and site productivity in the eastern US. The review was subdivided into areas having relatively similar physiography and land management (New England, Lake States, Appalachian Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Gulf Coastal Plain, and Ouachitas-Ozarks). In general, data from steeper physiographic regions indicated that forest harvesting and site preparation can increase erosion, sediment and nutrient losses to streams. However, the quantities introduced into streams tended to be relatively low, generally below the values that are considered acceptable for alternative land uses. Also most research indicated that water quality recovers within two to five years following forest operation disturbances, particularly if BMPs are employed. Research from the less mountainous and often more poorly drained Lake States and Coastal Plain regions indicated that soil compaction and rutting may or may not cause site productivity effects, depending on soil types, natural ameliorative properties and site preparation. Overall, the research supports the forestry BMPs recommended in the eastern states.     

对菏泽地区百年一遇暴雨成灾的反思

本文针对菏泽地区1993年遭遇百年一遇暴雨成灾的现实,客观地反映了灾情,分析了成灾的主要原因,并提出了防御对策。     

陇南土石山区水土资源的保护与农业综合开发

陇南地区水土流失面积占土地总面积的５６．８６％，制约了当地农村经济的发展，该区以小流域为单元，进行水土保持综合治理，建设高产，优质，高效农业生态经济系统，获得了较好的经济，生态和社会效益。通过重点防治，土地利用趋于合理，各业得到的均衡发展，开创了这一地区水土资源保护与农业综合开发的新局面。     

农业产业化经营项目空间分布及驱动因素分析——以京津冀地区为例

农业产业化经营项目是农业产业发展基础,是京津冀协同发展下调整农业产业结构、提高农业综合生产能力的重要内容。基于京津冀地区2011—2016年数据,利用核密度指数等方法研究产业化经营项目的空间分布及影响因素。结果显示：（1）京津冀地区农业产业化经营项目形成“斜一字型”核密度分布结构,密度由中部向东北、西南方向递减;（2）种植基地项目主要分布在河北省西南部、天津东部,养殖基地项目主要集中在河北省南部、天津市中部,储藏保鲜项目、改扩建加工项目分别向京津冀地区中北、东北方向迁移;（3）农业机械总动力、年末金融机构各项贷款余额是经营项目空间分布格局重要的影响因素,分别在农业发展“硬件”条件、配套资金供给方面影响经营项目分布。     

采煤塌陷地的综合开发与协调发展：以淮北矿区为例

采煤与塌陷是资源重叠区域长期存在的工农业矛盾之一。本文通过对淮北矿区采煤塌陷地的实地调研分析认为，这一矛盾在今后15年还将依然尖锐，采取有效措施协调采煤塌陷地区工农业发展矛盾既是区域面临的刻不容缓的重要任务，也是保证同位异类资源得以同时开发与持续利用的关键。     

南京地区农业耗水量估算与分析

结合南京地区的农业生产状况 ,采用Penman -Montieth法计算参考作物的潜在蒸散 ,建立了本地区农业耗水的物理模型 ,计算了南京地区历年的农业用水量 ,并根据实际资料对模型进行了检验 ,结果表明该模型具有较高的精度 ,能够反映农业用水的实际情况。在分析该地区历年农业用水量变化及其用水现状的基础上 ,对影响农业用水量的因素和该地区的农业用水效率进行了分析和计算。南京地区农业用水量的大小很大程度上取决于耕地面积和各类作物播种面积的变化 ,同时也受当年气候状况的影响。南京地区多年的农业用水效率计算结果表明 ,该地区的灌溉水利用率较低。最后对该地区的水资源可持续利用提出了相应的建议     

EFFECTS OF SOIL TYPE,PLOT CONDITION,AND SLOPE ON RUNOFF AND INTERRILL EROSION OF TWO SOILS IN THE LAKE TAHOE BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Few studies have addressed sediment discharge due to interrill erosion from natural and minimally disturbed alpine and subalpine forested watersheds. Infiltration, runoff, and surface erosion of two Tahoe Basin soils under several conditions were investigated using rainfall simulation. A significant three-way interaction among soil type, plot condition, and slope was identified. Although high erodibiity was commonly associated with disturbance and/or high slope, this was not always the case. Soil type, plot condition, slope, and duration of the event were all found to be important factors in determining the amount of erosion. Decreased water clarity in Lake Tahoe has been partly attributed to increased algal growth associated with surface runoff and erosion from adjacent watersheds. Interpretive evaluation for resource management planning should be event based and carefully delineated on a sitespecific basis.     

西峰市农业综合发展研究

在综合分析西峰市农业自然条件基础上 ,阐述了本市农业发展的不利因素和有利条件 ,针对存在的主要问题 ,并结合该市农业发展的潜力 ,提出了促进西峰市农业生产持续发展的措施和途径     

戴云山土壤微生物碳源利用效率的海拔变异规律及影响因素

微生物碳源利用效率（CUE）是指微生物将吸收的碳（C）转化为自身生物量C的效率,土壤微生物CUE的研究对深入认识土壤C循环过程十分重要.利用¹⁸ O-H₂ O-DNA标记法,研究戴云山不同海拔（980~1765 m）天然林土壤微生物CUE、微生物生长速率（C_growth）和呼吸速率（C_respiration）的变化特征和影响机制.结果表明,微生物CUE在0.1~0.4之间变化,并随海拔升高而增加;微生物CUE与C_growth、C_respiration和单位微生物生长正相关,而与呼吸熵负相关,说明随海拔的增加,微生物通过增加个体生长和抑制个体呼吸来提高CUE;温度是影响CUE的主要因素,微生物CUE与温度负相关,说明随海拔增加,温度下降是促进土壤微生物CUE升高的关键因素.     

林地转型耕地对东北丘陵区白浆土cbbL细菌群落丰度和结构的影响

土壤固碳细菌的CO_2同化作用能够将CO_2转化成有机质,是土壤碳循环的重要过程,然而对土地利用方式转变下土壤固碳细菌群落丰度和结构变化的了解却非常有限.在此,采用q PCR和高通量测序技术研究了东北丘陵区林地转型耕地后白浆土cbb L细菌群落丰度和结构变化,并探讨了土壤理化因子在群落丰度和结构变化中的作用.结果表明,耕地土壤细菌的cbb L基因丰度为2. 57×108copies·g~(-1),显著低于林地土壤的7. 30×108copies·g~(-1),但林地与耕地间cbb L/16S r RNA基因拷贝数比无显著差异.与林地相比,耕地土壤cbb L细菌群落的Shannon和Chao1指数显著降低,而Simpson指数显著升高.系统发育树分析和主坐标分析(principal co-ordinates analysis,PCo A)均表明林地转型耕地改变了土壤cbb L细菌群落组成.Pearson相关分析表明,cbb L基因丰度和Shannon指数均与pH极显著正相关,而与AP和NO_3-显著负相关,证明了施肥导致的土壤pH和速效养分改变是造成土壤cbb L细菌群落丰度和多样性变化的主要原因.典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis,CCA)显示,pH、NO_3-、AP和NH_4+与土壤cbb L细菌群落结构变化显著相关.综上所述,了解土壤cbb L细菌群落对土地利用方式转变的响应及其微生物学机制将为加强我国东北丘陵区白浆土的可持续利用及生态环境重建提供新的见解.