WATER RESOURCES AND HUMAN HEALTH: THE VIEWPOINT OF MEDICAL GEOGRAPHY1

ABSTRACT: Medical geography studies both areal patterns of human health and disease and the environmental and cultural factors that contribute to such conditions. In such studies water resources are of major importance, not only because they are essential for life and their scenic beauty is of inspirational value, but also because they are involved, directly or indirectly, in more than 80 percent of all disease. The direct involvements result from various disease causing agents sometimes found in surface or ground water organic ones such as bacteria, worms, etc., which are known as pathogens, and inorganic ones such as trace elements and synthetic toxic chemicals. Surface waters may have indirect effects also, for they may serve as habitats or breeding places for organisms that do not themselves cause human disease but that serve as vectors or hosts for such pathogens. This paper will discuss these various roles of water resources in both endemic and epidemic disease occurrences and ways in which various human activities domestic, economic, recreational, or religious — increase or reduce our exposure to such diseases.     

不同载体材料对厌氧氨氧化效果影响的研究

文章分别采用水性聚氨酯(WPU)和活性炭2种材料作为生物载体,在2个不同的上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)反应器中接种包埋污泥和生物活性炭,采用人工配水进行连续实验,观测厌氧氨氧化反应器启动过程中各种含氮化合物的变化,以考察不同载体材料对厌氧氨氧化过程的影响。文章在生物活性炭反应器中成功驯化了采自污水处理厂的普通厌氧污泥,证明了从环境中驯化培养厌氧氨氧化菌的可能性。通过2个阶段中脱氮效率的比较,发现以水性聚氨酯包埋材料作为未驯化细菌载体并无明显优势,反而成为传质的障碍;而采用生物活性炭则可以迅速达到提高局部生物量、聚集功能菌、屏蔽不利环境的干扰等作用,是理想的微生物载体。     

聚氨酯泡沫固定化产碱杆菌细胞生物转化氰化物

利用1株产碱杆菌DN25作为降氰菌株,以聚氨酯泡沫为载体进行固定化,研究其转化特性.结果表明,采用吸附生长法能有效实现菌株DN25的固定,固定细胞量可达到每g泡沫载体生物量干重0.35g.固定化细胞的最适转化温度和pH为35℃、8.0.对于低浓度氰化物,固定化细胞和游离细胞的转化速率相当;对于高浓度氰化物,固定化细胞具有明显优势,不仅可耐受更高浓度的氰化物转化,其转化速率也高于游离细胞,最大转化速率为507mg/(L·h),是游离细胞的2.8倍.通过初步的摇瓶模拟序列批式反应,固定化细胞活性可保持20d.     

矿用聚氨酯注浆材料阻燃及加固性能研究

为获得压缩强度和阻燃性能兼顾的聚氨酯注浆材料,通过L9(34)正交试验,研究Mg(OH)2含量、甲基膦酸二甲酯(DMMP)含量、异氰酸酯指数、辛酸亚锡含量对聚氨酯注浆材料的阻燃性能及压缩性能的影响。获得这种聚氨酯注浆材料的最佳制备条件。对比分析最佳制备条件试样及不加阻燃剂试样的热稳定性。结果表明:DMMP含量和Mg(OH)2含量对平均燃烧时间影响显著;Mg(OH)2还有补强加固作用,对压缩强度影响最为显著,其次为异氰酸酯指数。在Mg(OH)2,DMMP,辛酸亚锡质量分数分别为16%,24%和0.4%,异氰酸酯指数为1.10时,聚氨酯注浆材料兼顾阻燃性能和压缩性能,平均燃烧时间为13.9 s,压缩强度为19 MPa,其热稳定性明显优于不添加阻燃剂样品。     

基于层次分析法的热塑性聚氨酯及其纳米复合材料火灾危险性综合评价

聚合物的火灾危险性与热、烟、毒的释放密切相关,但采用不同指标对材料的评价结果不一致。以纳米级蒙脱土(MMT)、氢氧化铝(ATH)和聚磷酸铵(APP)为添加剂的热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)纳米复合材料为研究对象,选取其在静态管式炉、稳态管式炉和锥形量热仪中的相关实验数据,以HCN总浓度作为特殊毒性危害指标,CO和CO_2浓度为一般毒性危害指标,以热释放速率峰值、平均热释放速率、总热释放量为热危害指标,以产烟速率峰值、生烟总量为烟危害指标。进一步细分了火灾烟气中不同毒性气体对于火灾风险的影响,并运用层次分析法计算指标权重,综合评价了热塑性聚氨酯及其复合材料的火灾危险性。结果表明,当添加量为6 wt%聚磷酸铵、3 wt%氢氧化铝与3 wt%蒙脱土时,此时复合材料的火灾危险最低,证明了综合热、烟、毒三个层次来降低聚合物材料火灾危险性是可行的。     

沿海钢结构设施的防腐研究

针对沿海钢结构设施的腐蚀情况及目前常用防腐涂料的性能,优选了3种重防腐涂料——环氧富锌底漆、环氧玻璃鳞片中间漆、聚氨酯面漆。讨论了环氧树脂、锌粉、玻璃鳞片、聚氨酯改性树脂的选择方法,并提出了适合涂料涂装的表面处理技术和施工工艺。     

报废电冰箱的环保处理技术

介绍一种处理报废电冰箱的技术。首先对报废电冰箱进行分解,包括制冷剂回收、压缩机拆卸、散热系统和蒸发系统拆卸、箱体箱门钢板拆卸、箱体内胆拆卸、门衬拆卸和绝热泡沫剥离等。然后对于拆出的材料作进一步处理,钢板、管材经平整或矫直裁剪之后作为旧板材或旧管材;内胆和门衬破碎后作为注塑材料使用;压缩机组经专业检测、修复再利用或作为冶金炉料使用。聚氨酯泡沫需经分离回收R11处理,处理工艺路线包括泡沫粉碎、发泡剂蒸发、混合气收集、除尘、储气、压缩、冷凝、节流以及发泡剂与空气的分离;工艺参数涉及主要工艺环节的热力学计算,包括破碎后的泡沫中的R11发泡剂的蒸发吸热、混合气压缩功耗、冷凝过程的散热。同时还介绍了应用发泡胶接法的聚氨酯硬泡沫碎屑再成型技术。采用该工艺处理报废电冰箱,具有拆解物利用价值高、处理过程能耗低、便于分拣、设备造价低等优点,适合我国国情。     

飞机蒙皮用含氟聚氨酯涂层老化原因分析

选用飞机蒙皮常用的含氟聚氨酯涂层体系为研究对象,结合飞机服役环境的主要特点,开展了实验室模拟加速老化试验研究,并利用电化学阻抗谱对老化试验后的涂层进行了表征.结果表明,紫外线仅对涂层的表面结构产生影响,紫外试验后的涂层电阻下降较慢.在紫外-盐雾循环试验中,紫外线引起涂层表面结构发生变化,涂层的耐水性变差,水更快地进入涂...     

水源性贾弟虫病(giardiasis)研究进展

贾弟虫(Giardia)是一种世界性分布的体内寄生原生动物,可感染家畜、野生动物和人类。该虫可通过饮用水源等水体传播,其所导致的贾弟虫病(giardiasis)是最频发的水源性疾病之一,典型症状是腹泻、腹痛、反胃、呕吐、胃胀和发烧。本文综述了贾弟虫的分类、流行病学和检测方法等,目的是提出疾病预警系统,建立快速响应机制,以防止饮用水中贾弟虫病爆发。     

Measurements of selected PCBs in open urban ambient air of Madrid (Spain)

The focus of this study was to characterize the concentration levels of selected PCBs and compare them to compiled data in order to contribute to the international database. The sampling site is located in the outskirts of Madrid and can be considered an open urban area. 32 samples of air were taken from February 1998 to June 1998 by using a high volume air sampler. Glass fiber filters and polyurethane foam (PUF) were used to collect the paniculate and gas phase material, respectively. PUF plugs were Soxhlet extracted and filters were ultrasonically extracted by using pesticide-grade hexane and dichloromethane, respectively. The cleanup procedure was carried out on a florisil column with hexane and hexane/dichloromethane as elution solvents. GC/MS in a selected ion monitoring mode was used for quantification and 29 selected PCBs congeners were analyzed.