Succession of aquatic microbial communities as a result of the water quality variations in continuous water

The changes of structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities in continuous water on campus of Tsinghua University, China are investigated by polyurethane foam unit(PFU) method. The measured compositions of the communities include alga, protozoa, and some metazoa (such as rotifers). The measured indicators of water quality include water temperature, pH value, dissolved oxygen (DO), potassium permanganate index(CODMn), total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP) and chlorophyll- a(Chla). The trophic level, expressed by the trophic level indices(TL/c), is assessed with analytic hierarchy process and principal component analysis (AHP-PCA) method. The changing trends of the structural and functional parameters of aquatic microbial communities, such as Margalef index of diversity(D), Shannon-weaver index of diversity (H), Heterotropy index (HI), number of species when the colonization gets equilibrium(Seq), colonizing speed constant(G) and time spent when 90 percent of Seq colonized in PFU ( T90% ), are also analyzed. The experimental results showed the succession of aquatic microbial communities along the water flow is consistent with the water quality changes, so the parameters of microbial community can reflect the changes of water quality from the ecological view.     

我国废旧电冰箱聚氨酯泡沫塑料管理现状及对策研究

随着科技进步和电冰箱产品更新换代速度的加快,报废弃电冰箱数量不断增大.冰箱拆解处理产生的大量聚氨酯泡沫塑料,由于其中含有CFCs类发泡剂且其难以降解等,增加了处理难度,如何对其进行有效处理处置成为国内外广泛关注的焦点.目前我国废弃电冰箱聚氨酯泡沫塑料一般送至生活垃圾处理厂进行焚烧或填埋处置,而未进行资源化利用.在调研电冰箱聚氨酯泡沫塑料国内外现有处理处置技术基础上,比较了热能回收法、物理法、化学法、生物法和热解法等处理技术的优缺点,并对其经济性和实用性进行分析.同时分析了我国废电冰箱聚氨酯泡沫塑料环境管理面临的主要问题,结合国家相关管理政策需求,提出了针对性建议.     

Optimization of the recovery of plastics for recycling by density media separation cyclones

Material recovery processes are presented as the optimum option for recycling plastic wastes as a means of recovering hydrocarbon resources. There exist a large variety of automated material recovery processes for recycling of such wastes but each with significant limitations. Of these, the separation based on differences in densities is advocated as the optimum process either for producing recycled products or preparing wastes for subsequent recovery processing.Density separation processes based on cyclone type density media separation (DMS) is presented as an important, potential method for increasing plastics recycling process capacities. It is demonstrated to have the capacity to separate a significantly larger range of particle sizes than those presently processed industrially. The mathematical relationship for the prediction of quality of typical LARCODEMS type density media separations by particle size and density as expressed by the Ecart Probable is presented.A proposed device configuration is presented for density media separation to optimize the recovery and purity of both density fractions produced. It is also suggested that to be economically viable, a large scale of operation is required for industrial plastics recycling operations recovering and producing a number of different plastics with a purity to be used as a substitute for virgin material.     

泡沫聚合物保温材料的研究进展及其应用

综述了以聚氨酯泡沫、聚乙烯泡沫和酚醛泡沫塑料为代表的轻质聚合物泡沫保温材料的发展状况。     

加热移除废弃聚氨酯硬泡中CFC-11的研究

研究了聚氨酯硬泡在不同温度加热过程中的质量损失、生成的气体成分及硬泡结构变化,并对加热聚氨酯硬泡时所释放的发泡剂CFC-11(CCl3F)进行了测定.结果表明,在80~160℃加热聚氨酯硬泡时,CFC-11的释放速率随温度的增加而增加.将破碎后的硬泡颗粒在160℃下加热,既保证硬泡颗粒不发生热解反应,又使包裹和吸附于硬泡中的CFC-11移除速率最快.在160℃下加热过4mm筛硬泡颗粒1,2,4h后,可分别移除的CFC-11占硬泡颗粒中总量的84.5%、95.5%和96.6%,残余CFC-11则需足够长时间才可移除,而加热释放气体中CFC-11占82%~85%.     

水体微型生物群落参数与水质指标相关性的研究

利用聚氨酯泡沫塑料块(简称PFU)对清华园内某一连续水体中的微型生物群落的变化进行了观测.所研究的微型生物主要包括细菌、真菌、藻类和原生动物,此外也包括一些小型的后生动物,如轮虫等.所考察的水质指标主要有:水温,pH值,DO,COD_Mn,TN,TP以及叶绿素a含量等,并对水体的富营养化程度进行评价,采用层次分析-主要成分分析营养度法(AHP-PCA法)计算出综合营养指数TLI_c值.试验结果表明水体微型生物群落参数(如S_ep,G,T_90%和HI)和水质指标(如TLI_c)之间具有良好的相关性.      

隐孢子虫在水环境中存在水平与灭活技术

介绍了隐孢子虫的介水传播途径与特点、卵囊在水环境中存在水平及有效灭活隐孢子虫技术。隐孢子虫在水环境中显著存在;以饮用水为媒介成为隐孢子虫病传播和暴发流行的重要途径;采取可靠灭活工艺是控制隐孢子虫进入供水系统最重要的屏障。氯化消毒难以有效地灭活隐孢子虫,臭氧和紫外线可获得较理想的灭活效果。臭氧剂量为5～10(mg/L)·min时,灭活率为1-lg(90%);紫外线辐照剂量在9～11mJ/cm2,灭活率为2-lg(99%)。     

Greening Nigeria's economy for industrial and environmental sustainability: Polyurethane production as a test case

The study focused on Nigeria's polyurethane (PU) production process as a test case. Though it is currently insignificant when viewed from a global perspective, PU production in Nigeria is not eco‐friendly. Traditionally, PU is produced by reacting petro‐based polyol with a poly‐isocyanate, which is made from amines and phosgene and are currently imported into the country. These two materials are detrimental to the human health and environment, indicating that Nigeria's PU industries need to re‐examine their production inputs for environmental compliance. The objective of this study is to review the PU industry for nontoxic reagents that could be sourced locally vis‐à‐vis overcoming sustainable development (greening the economy) challenges in Nigeria. Non‐isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) is preferred to petro‐polyurethane because, in comparison, NIPU has improved thermal and chemical resistance, porosity and water absorption, and is less toxic. Engaging local resources to produce PU is economically feasible; in addition, NIPU is relatively advantageous to human health and the environment. Aside from being economically feasible, production of NIPU in Nigeria has the propensity to greatly enlarge the growth of the existing PU industry to tremendous heights and contribute to diversifying and improving the overall economy.     

两种悬浮填料在ASBBR厌氧氨氧化系统中的性能比较与微生物解析

选取聚乙烯（T1）和聚氨酯（T2）两种悬浮填料投入到两套相同厌氧序批式生物膜反应器（ASBBR）R1和R2中,以城市生活污水为配水基质,考察了两种填料在ASBBR中的性能及菌群结构特征,选出更适宜厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）菌生长的填料.结果表明：R1和R2反应器分别在第93 d和73 d成功启动厌氧氨氧化,并实现稳定运行.稳定运行阶段,R1、R2系统总无机氮（TIN）平均去除率分别达88.34%、87.97%.此外,运行第150 d时,测得单个T1、T2填料的ANAMMOX菌活性分别为5.70和3.70 mg·g^-1·h^-1.同时,扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征结果证明,球状菌在T1填料上的数量比同倍数下T2填料上多,且杂菌较少.高通量测序结果显示,T1、T2填料上Candidatus anammoxoglobus菌属相对丰度分别为75.29%和38.23%.本研究表明,相比于聚氨酯（T2）填料,聚乙烯（T1）填料更适宜ANAMMOX菌的富集.     

上流双层填料单级自养脱氮反应器启动与运行

通过接种亚硝化与厌氧氨氧化污泥,以无机高氨氮（110~130mg/L）废水为对象,研究上流式双层填料反应器的启动与运行.反应器上层与下层分别以沸石和聚氨酯海绵作为填料,启动两种填料高度比分别为2：3和3：2的1号和2号反应器,历时139d成功建立自养脱氮系统.结果表明,1号反应器最高总氮去除率达84.4%,2号最高总氮去除率达81.8%,总氮去除负荷分别达0.15,0.14kgN/（m³·d）.进水未添加有机碳源时,2号△NO₃^--N/△NH₄⁺-N一直稳定在特征值0.11附近,自养脱氮系统更为稳定.在添加有机碳源情况下,2个反应器总氮去除率都得到提升,△NO₃^--N/△NH₄⁺-N也更为稳定.说明一定浓度的有机物能强化系统稳定运行,提高系统脱氮性能.反冲洗稳定后,1号反应器出水NO₃^--N由未反冲洗前的17.61mg/L降低到10mg/L以下,说明适当的反冲洗可以有效恢复反应器运行,反冲洗与NOB抑制手段相结合能更好地维持反应器的长期稳定运行.