废弃饱和盐水钻井液的固液分离

采用化学破胶脱稳和压滤机械分离的化学强化固液分离技术处理江汉油田废弃饱和盐水钻井液(简称废钻井液).最佳固液分离工艺为:调节废钻井液的pH为6.5左右,先加入无机破胶剂(HWJ),HWJ的加入量为15 000 mg/L,以400 r/min的转速搅拌3 min,稀释1倍后,再加入有机破胶剂(HYJ),HYJ的加入量为300 mg/L,以120 r/min的转速搅拌5min.固液分离结果表明,分离后出水率达68.2%,而泥饼湿含量只有55.8%,废钻井液的COD由67 886.8 mg/L降至8 898.9 mg/L.     

Potential utilization of riverbed sediments by hydrothermal solidification and its hardening mechanism

Hydrothermal solidification of riverbed sediments (silt) has been carried out in a Teflon (PTFE) lined stainless steel hydrothermal apparatus, under saturated steam pressure at 343–473 K for 2–24 h by calcium hydrate introduction. Tobermorite was shown to be the most important strength-producing constituent of the solidified silt. A longer curing time or a higher curing temperature was shown to be favorable to the tobermorite formation, thus promoting strength development; however, overlong curing time (24 h) seemed to affect the strength development negatively. The hardening mechanism consisted of the crystal growth/morphology evolution during the hydrothermal process. The species dissolved from the silt were precipitated first as fine particles, and then some of the particles seemed to build up the rudimental morphology of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) gel. The CSH gel, with precipitated particles, appeared to cause some reorganization within the matrix, which made the matrix denser and thus gave an initial strength development. Tobermorite, transformed inevitably from the CSH gel, reinforced the matrix with its interlocked structure, and thus further promoted the strength development.     

Effects of arsenic on seed germination and physiological activities in wheat seedlings

The effects of arsenic(As)were investigated on seed germination,root and shoot length and their biomass and some other factors to elucidate the toxicity of As.The results showed low concentrations of As(O-1 mg/kg)stimulated seed germination and the growth of root and shoot,however,these factors all decreased gradually at high concentrations of As(5-20 mg/kg).The contents Of O2-,MDA,soluble protein and peroxidase(POD)activity all increased with increasing As concentrations.Soluble sugar content,ascorbate peroxidase(APX),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities decreased at low concentrations of As,and increased at high concentrations of As.While acetylsalicylic acid(ASA)and chlorophyll contents,catalase(CAT)activity displayed increasing trend when the concentrations of As was lower than 1 mg/kg,and then decreasing trend.By polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE).As induced the expression of POD isozymes of wheat seedlings.As induced the expression of CAT isozymes but inhibited the expression of SOD isozymes of wheat seedlings at concentrations lower than 1 mg/kg.However,As inhibited the expression of CAT isozymes but induced the expression of SOD isozymes at concentrations higher than 5 mg/kg.The results indicated As could exert harmfulness in the early development stage of wheat at inappropriate concentrations.     

磁处理的除垢机理探讨

通过磁处理的实践,对磁处理除垢的机理进行探讨,认为磁处理除垢的实质是同晶异构现象生成同晶异构体,使碳酸钙生成能量较高的胶体碳酸钙和球霰石,通过水溶液传递能量,使老垢脱落.还用此机理解释磁处理的"记忆"效应.     

堆肥化过程中微生物群落的动态

通过变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）和平板计数法对堆肥化过程中微生物的区系动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,在堆肥化过程中,微生物数量总的趋势是细菌的数量最多,放线菌次之,真菌的数量最少,中温微生物的数量始终高于高温微生物.当发酵结束后,中温微生物的数量低于发酵初始水平,高温放线菌和高温真菌的数量试验结束后高于初始水平,高温细菌的数量在整个堆肥化过程中变化不大.通过DGGE分析表明,发酵过程中细菌的种类发生了明显的更迭现象.发酵初期Bdellovibrio、Clostridia bacterium、Bacillus、Clostridium等占优势,中期Beta proteobacterium、Petrobacter succinimandens、Nitrospirae bacterium、Clostridium等占优势,后期Clostridium、Beta proteobacterium、Paenibacillus等占优势,而在整个堆肥化过程中Clostridium都是优势种.     

凝胶层析-荧光分光光度法联用分析饮用水中铝的形态

将凝胶层析与荧光分光光度法相结合进行饮用水中铝形态的分析.结果表明,凝胶层析对胶体态铝和溶解态铝有较好的分离效果.依据衍生试剂8-羟基喹啉(8-HQ)和铬蓝黑R(EBBR)与不同铝形态结合强度的差异,通过荧光分光光度法可分析饮用水中的单核铝、无机单核铝,再结合硝酸消解可测定饮用水中的总铝、溶胶态铝和胶体态铝.对饮用水中铝形态的分析表明:清华大学地区的地下水和北京市给水管网末端水的总铝含量均在50μg·l-1以下,无机单核铝为饮用水中铝的主要存在形态.     

阿散酸及其降解产物对鱼和蚯蚓的遗传毒性

为了全面评价有机胂制剂阿散酸对水生生物和土壤生物的遗传毒性效应,文章分别以红鲤鱼和赤子爱胜蚓为生物材料,采用单细胞凝胶电泳技术从细胞水平上研究了阿散酸降解前后对鲤鱼肾细胞和蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA的损伤。鲤鱼肾细胞单细胞凝胶电泳试验结果表明,阿散酸降解之前和降解的第4周阿散酸对鲤鱼肾细胞DNA有显著损伤,表现出明显的遗传毒性作用,但第二周却不引起鲤鱼肾细胞DNA的任何损伤。蚯蚓体腔细胞单细胞凝胶电泳试验结果表明,阿散酸降解之前不能诱导蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA的明显损伤,不表现遗传毒性效应,与对照组相比没有显著性差异(P>0.05);但阿散酸降解开始后,各浓度的降解混合物体系都能引起蚯蚓体腔细胞DNA的明显损伤,表现出较强的遗传毒性作用。     

水性聚氨酯/UHMWPE纤维防弹复合材料无纬布预浸料成型工艺研究

本文比较了纤维预浸料不同结构形式与防弹性能的关系，并详细研究了水性聚氨酯／UHMWPE纤维防弹复合材料的含胶量、面密度和叠层方式等预浸工艺参数对材料防弹性能的影响，结合弹道实验分析了各因素作用的机制。     

大气细颗粒物致大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞DNA损伤

运用单细胞凝胶电泳技术,研究了太原市大气细颗粒物(PM2.5)对分离的大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞 DNA 的损伤作用.结果表明,在 PM2.5浓度分别为 0,75,150,300,450μg/mL 的染毒条件下,染毒 1h 后,大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞 DNA 拖尾长度分别为 2.82,6.76,10.25,14.47,23.87μm;染毒 4h后,DNA 拖尾长度分别为 2.80,18.15,32.90,43.22,55.51μm;染毒 10h 后,DNA 拖尾长度分别为 2.49,26.57,39.73,52.10,70.09μm.由此可见,PM2.5可引起大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞 DNA 的损伤,且随着 PM2.5浓度的增加及染毒时间的延长而加剧,呈明确的剂量-效应关系和时间-效应关系.     

Chemically modified silica gel with 1-{4-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)amino]phenyl}ethanone: Synthesis, characterization and application as an efficient and reusable solid phase extractant for selective removal of Zn(II) from mycorrhizal treated fly-ash samples

1-{4-[(2-hydroxy-benzylidene)amino]phenyl}ethanone functionalized silica gel was synthesized and used as a highly efficient, selective and reusable solid phase extractant for separation and preconcentration of trace amount of Zn(II) from environmental matrices. The adsorbent was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis,¹³C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and BET surface area analysis. The dependence of zinc extraction on various analytical parameters such as pH, type and amount of eluent, sample flow rate and interfering ions were investigated in detail. The material exhibited superior adsorption efficiency for Zn(II) with high metal loading capacity of 1.0 mmol/g under optimum conditions. After adsorption, the recovery (> 98%) of metal ions was accomplished using 1.0 mol/L HNO₃ as an eluent. The sorbent was also regenerated by microwave treatment in milder acidic environment (0.1 mol/L HNO₃). The lower detection limit and preconcentration factor of the present method were found out to be 0.04 μg/L and 312.5 respectively. The modified silica surface possessed excellent selectivity for the target analytes and the adsorption/desorption process remained effective for at least ten consecutive cycles. The optimized procedure was successfully implemented for the extraction of Zn(II) from mycorrhizal treated fly ash and pharmaceutical samples with reproducible results.