潮汐对江水致突变性的影响

对某潮汐河流从下游至上游共设A、B、C、D、E五个采样点,用Ames试验、双微核试验及单细胞凝胶电泳试验(彗星试验)检测涨潮和落潮时江水中有机污染物的致突变性.结果表明,Ames试验各采样点样品都有致突变性,且从上游至下游逐渐增强;对TA98加S9致突变性增加;双微核试验、彗星试验检测出染色体及DNA损伤剂,并以A点作用最强.涨潮时各点致突变强度较落潮时强.     

隐孢子虫在水环境中存在水平与灭活技术

介绍了隐孢子虫的介水传播途径与特点、卵囊在水环境中存在水平及有效灭活隐孢子虫技术。隐孢子虫在水环境中显著存在;以饮用水为媒介成为隐孢子虫病传播和暴发流行的重要途径;采取可靠灭活工艺是控制隐孢子虫进入供水系统最重要的屏障。氯化消毒难以有效地灭活隐孢子虫,臭氧和紫外线可获得较理想的灭活效果。臭氧剂量为5～10(mg/L)·min时,灭活率为1-lg(90%);紫外线辐照剂量在9～11mJ/cm2,灭活率为2-lg(99%)。     

聚硅酸溶胶和凝胶的电镜观察

用透射电子显微镜（ＴＥＭ）和扫描电子显微镜（ＳＥＭ）观察了硅酸溶胶的聚合过程。在ｐＨ值与Ｎａ２Ｏ·ｎＳｉＯ２模数一定时，其聚合速度与温度有关，温度高聚合快。聚硅酸溶胶粒子主要是圆形或椭圆形颗粒，粒子由于聚集变大，硅酸凝胶具有毛刷结构，其间隙被水填充。反应时，聚集、聚合和溶解同时进行，最后聚集起主要作用，凝胶形成。     

利用凝胶层析分离测定胶体态铝和溶解态铝的研究

利用凝胶层析柱分别对高浓度(5.4g·L-1)和低浓度(0.27mg·L-1)的聚合氯化铝溶液和氯化铝溶液进行了层析分离,测定了洗脱流出液的电导率和pH值,并采用Al-Ferron逐时络合比色分析了洗脱流出液中的铝形态分布.结果表明,高浓度和低浓度铝水样中的胶体态铝和溶解态铝浓度均可采用凝胶层析法进行分离测定.利用凝胶层析装置对2.5mL铝水样以1mL·min-1的速度进行洗脱,40～60mL间的洗脱流出液即为胶体态铝,剩余部分为溶解态铝.     

Greening Nigeria's economy for industrial and environmental sustainability: Polyurethane production as a test case

The study focused on Nigeria's polyurethane (PU) production process as a test case. Though it is currently insignificant when viewed from a global perspective, PU production in Nigeria is not eco‐friendly. Traditionally, PU is produced by reacting petro‐based polyol with a poly‐isocyanate, which is made from amines and phosgene and are currently imported into the country. These two materials are detrimental to the human health and environment, indicating that Nigeria's PU industries need to re‐examine their production inputs for environmental compliance. The objective of this study is to review the PU industry for nontoxic reagents that could be sourced locally vis‐à‐vis overcoming sustainable development (greening the economy) challenges in Nigeria. Non‐isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) is preferred to petro‐polyurethane because, in comparison, NIPU has improved thermal and chemical resistance, porosity and water absorption, and is less toxic. Engaging local resources to produce PU is economically feasible; in addition, NIPU is relatively advantageous to human health and the environment. Aside from being economically feasible, production of NIPU in Nigeria has the propensity to greatly enlarge the growth of the existing PU industry to tremendous heights and contribute to diversifying and improving the overall economy.     

两种悬浮填料在ASBBR厌氧氨氧化系统中的性能比较与微生物解析

选取聚乙烯（T1）和聚氨酯（T2）两种悬浮填料投入到两套相同厌氧序批式生物膜反应器（ASBBR）R1和R2中,以城市生活污水为配水基质,考察了两种填料在ASBBR中的性能及菌群结构特征,选出更适宜厌氧氨氧化（ANAMMOX）菌生长的填料.结果表明：R1和R2反应器分别在第93 d和73 d成功启动厌氧氨氧化,并实现稳定运行.稳定运行阶段,R1、R2系统总无机氮（TIN）平均去除率分别达88.34%、87.97%.此外,运行第150 d时,测得单个T1、T2填料的ANAMMOX菌活性分别为5.70和3.70 mg·g^-1·h^-1.同时,扫描电子显微镜（SEM）表征结果证明,球状菌在T1填料上的数量比同倍数下T2填料上多,且杂菌较少.高通量测序结果显示,T1、T2填料上Candidatus anammoxoglobus菌属相对丰度分别为75.29%和38.23%.本研究表明,相比于聚氨酯（T2）填料,聚乙烯（T1）填料更适宜ANAMMOX菌的富集.     

上流双层填料单级自养脱氮反应器启动与运行

通过接种亚硝化与厌氧氨氧化污泥,以无机高氨氮（110~130mg/L）废水为对象,研究上流式双层填料反应器的启动与运行.反应器上层与下层分别以沸石和聚氨酯海绵作为填料,启动两种填料高度比分别为2：3和3：2的1号和2号反应器,历时139d成功建立自养脱氮系统.结果表明,1号反应器最高总氮去除率达84.4%,2号最高总氮去除率达81.8%,总氮去除负荷分别达0.15,0.14kgN/（m³·d）.进水未添加有机碳源时,2号△NO₃^--N/△NH₄⁺-N一直稳定在特征值0.11附近,自养脱氮系统更为稳定.在添加有机碳源情况下,2个反应器总氮去除率都得到提升,△NO₃^--N/△NH₄⁺-N也更为稳定.说明一定浓度的有机物能强化系统稳定运行,提高系统脱氮性能.反冲洗稳定后,1号反应器出水NO₃^--N由未反冲洗前的17.61mg/L降低到10mg/L以下,说明适当的反冲洗可以有效恢复反应器运行,反冲洗与NOB抑制手段相结合能更好地维持反应器的长期稳定运行.     

胶体灭火剂试验研究

分析了用水灭火时存在的明显不足，引入了可改善水灭火性能，提高水灭火安全性和灭火效率的胶体灭火剂。对作为实验用火源的木垛尺寸，水和胶体的实验流量进行了理论分析和设计，设计和制造了可实现定量配比胶体火火剂的试验装置。利用自行设计的灭火实验装置，研究了胶体灭火剂和水对比的流动性能，抗燃性能和灭火性能。实验结果显示，胶体灭火剂在一定浓度范围内具有较好的流动性，不会提高胶体在管路中的流动阻力；与水相比，胶体灭火剂具有优异的抗燃和灭火效果。     

Monitoring impact of mefenacet treatment on soil microbial communities by PCR-DGGE fingerprinting and conventional testing procedures

The effect of acetanilide herbicide mefenacet on soil microbial communities was studied using paddy soil samples with different short-term treatments. The culturable bacteria （plate counts）, dehydrogenase activity and changes in community structure （denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） analysis） were used for biological community assessments. Mefenacet was a significant stimulus to cultural aerobic bacteria and dehydrogenase activity while Sphingobacterium multivorum Y1, a bacterium efficiently degrading the mefenacet, only induced the increasing colony-forming unit （CFU） of bacteria but little effect on dehydrogenase activity during the whole experiment. The degree of similarity between the 16S rDNA profiles of the communities was quantified by numerically analyzing the DGGE band patterns. Similarity dendrograms showed that the microbial community structures of the mefenacet-treated and non-treated soils were not significantly different. But supplement of S. multivorum Y1 could increase the diversity of the microbial community in the mefenacet-polluted paddy soil. This work is a new attempt to apply the S. multivorum Y1 for remediation of the mefenacet-polluted environments.     

氧化石墨烯-零价铁-聚乙二醇-海藻酸钠凝胶球活化过硫酸钠降解水中的偏二甲肼

以海藻酸钠(SA)、聚乙二醇(PEG)、氧化石墨烯(GO)和零价铁(ZVI)为原料制备了氧化石墨烯-零价铁-聚乙二醇-海藻酸钠凝胶球(GZPS),用于活化过硫酸盐(PDS)降解水中的偏二甲肼(UDMH)。对GZPS进行了表征,并优化了GZPS的制备工艺。实验结果表明:对UDMH去除率影响因素的主次顺序为:w(PEG) w(SA)w(GO)w(ZVI);GZPS的最佳制备工艺为SA、PEG、GO、ZVI的质量分数分别为5%,3%,0.3%,2%;在UDMH质量浓度为100mg/L、PDS加入量为4mmol/L、GZPS加入量为60g/L、反应温度为35℃、反应时间为80 min的条件下,UDMH的去除率达85%以上。GZPS活化PDS降解UDMH的反应符合准一级动力学,Fe溶出量仅为Fe-GO-PDS体系的12.7%,重复使用4次后对UDMH的去除率仍在65%以上。