Influence of the elastic behaviour of liquids on transient flow from pressurised containments

Release of liquids from vessels and pipelines is a very important scenario in consequence assessment. When the operating pressure is significant, its evolution and the corresponding discharge rate are affected by the elastic behaviour of the liquid. Bulk modulus is the key-driver of the related fluid-dynamics and is expected to govern the elastic-to-atmospheric pressure transition. Despite the well known physical background, the availability of release models relevant to the elastic phase is rather poor, compared to those relevant to vapours, gases and atmospheric liquids. On the other hand, if the operating pressure is high, release times and dynamics are expected to be strongly affected by the elastic behaviour and prediction of release time and flow rate is fundamental. This article carries outs a general analysis of the elastic behaviour of liquids, including water and hydrocarbons. Lumped (vessel-type) and distributed (pipeline) parameters systems have been modelled with the aim to characterize the pressure evolution during the elastic phase and to evaluate the significance of the associated duration. The findings have shown that, depending on pressure and geometric features, the importance of the elastic phase is high and that the availability of reliable and relatively simple models could be beneficial in consequence assessment. The approach is strictly valid for non-boiling liquid, but accounting for vaporisation of flashing or boiling liquids such as LPG and LNG would not imply significant complications.     

Numerical simulations on the attenuation effect of a barrier material on a blast wave

This paper numerically modeled previous experimental results and quantitatively revealed the attenuation effect of a barrier material on a blast wave. Four fluids were considered in the present study: the detonation products, water, foamed polystyrene, and air. These fluids were modeled by Jones-Wilkins-Lee (JWL), stiffened gas, and ideal gas equations of state. A mixture of water and foamed polystyrene was used as a barrier to encircle a 0.1 kg mass of spherical pentolite, and the interface problem between the barrier and the blast wave was investigated. The simulation parameters were the radius and the water volume fraction of the barrier. To elucidate the effect of the barrier, we conducted two series of numerical simulations; one without a barrier, and another with a barrier of 50 or 100 mm in outer radius and 0–1 in the water volume fraction. Peak overpressure, positive impulse, and pressure history all agreed well with the previous experimental results. We focused on the energy transfer from high-pressure detonation products to other fluids. The sum of the kinetic energies of the detonation products and the barrier induced by the blast wave could quantitatively estimate the attenuation effect of the blast wave and was minimized when the water volume fraction was 0.5, as was the case in the previous experiment.     

兰姆波飞机结冰传感器的最佳工作模态研究

首先建立了兰姆波在覆盖冰层的无限大各向同性板中传播的波速方程。通过数值计算获得了在覆盖不同冰层厚度下薄板中兰姆波的色散曲线。接着绘制了在给定检测频率下兰姆波波速随厚度变化的关系曲线图,进一步提出了兰姆波飞机结冰检测过程中最佳模态的选取方法。研究结果表明冰层厚度与兰姆波波速之间存在对应关系,可以通过判断各阶模态的耦合情况来选取最佳检测模态。     

土岩界面地震波能量传递与耗散特性研究——以汶川8.0级地震为例

以汶川8.0级地震为例,应用应力波在弹性介质界面能量分配与反射和透射系数之间的相关性,得出地震波在不同介质中滞留能量的耗散比与介质波阻抗比和上层介质能量衰减比之间的关系。通过离散数值计算发现当能量衰减比一定时,两种介质的波阻抗比在某一特定值时上层介质滞留能量耗散比达到最大,该值随着能量衰减比的增大而增大。这一结论对地震山区的"剥皮型"滑坡提供了一种全新的解释,并得到了路堤工程宏观震害与面波测试资料的验证。     

免疫粒子群优化在波阻抗反演中的应用

针对标准粒子群优化(PSO)算法易出现早熟而陷入局部最优以及进化后期收敛速度慢等缺陷,引入免疫系统的免疫记忆和抗体浓度选择机制,构造了基于免疫机制的粒子群优化(IPSO)算法,并将其应用到波阻抗反演问题中。免疫记忆能够保留高适应度个体,抗体浓度选择机制进一步保证了粒子的多样性,从而能较好地避免早熟收敛,提高算法的全局搜索能力。对理论模型试算表明,IPSO算法在进行波阻抗反演时不仅收敛速度快,而且具有较高的精确度和抗噪性能。     

爆炸性气体在连续拐弯管道中传播特性的实验研究

针对复杂燃气管网燃气爆炸致灾严重,传播规律复杂的问题,利用实验室加工成的连续拐弯管道,模拟研究了复杂燃气管网爆炸性气体通过连续拐弯管道时的火焰传播速度、爆炸波超压变化情况。研究结果表明,当整个管道内充满瓦斯气体时,通过连续拐弯后,火焰传播速度和爆炸波超压值产生显著变化,在连续拐弯管道拐弯处为一扰动源,诱导附加湍流,气流湍流度增大,管道拐弯增加了燃烧区的湍流度,火焰燃烧产生加速度,加速燃烧产生更大能量以推动加速传播。研究结果对指导现场如何防治复杂燃气管网气体爆炸,减轻爆炸的威力具有重要作用。     

Image rotation method for identification of NPW signals in the localization of pipeline leakage

Gas and oil are mainly transported through long-distance pipelines on land. Pipeline leaks lead to severe hazards to the environment and economy and even imperil human lives. Negative pressure wave (NPW)-based methods are fast and effective for leak monitoring and localization. The key problem for an NPW-based method is to determine the NPW and its arrival time, which is characterized by the knee point in the time domain signal. In this paper, an image rotation method is proposed based on the shape characteristic of the time domain signal induced by an NPW. Through image rotation, the knee point turns into the highest point, which is easy to detect. To verify the performance of the proposed method, leakage experiments were conducted on liquid and gas pipeline models. Previously developed FBG pipe fixture sensors were used to detect an NPW. These sensors were equidistantly installed on the pipeline, forming a sensor array. Based on the sensing array, a novel leak localization algorithm was used to compute the leakage position. The experimental results indicated that the image rotation method has good performance for identifying an NPW, even though many noise- and pressure-induced fluctuations exist in the signals. This method enables automated real-time monitoring and has potential for practical application.     

A numerical study of the evolution of the blast wave shape in rectangular tunnels

When the explosion of condensed materials occurs in square or circular cross-section tunnel, the subsequent blast wave reveals two patterns: three-dimensional close to the explosive charge and one-dimensional far from the explosion. Pressure decays for these two patterns have been thoroughly studied. However, when the explosion occurs in rectangular cross-section tunnel, which is the most regular geometry for underground networks, the blast wave exhibits a third, two-dimensional, patterns. In order to assess the range of these three patterns, several numerical simulation of blast waves were carried out varying the width and the height of the rectangular cross-section as well as the mass of the charge. Laws are presented to localize the transition zones between the 3D and the 2D patterns, and between the 2D and the 1D patterns, as functions of non-dimensional width and height. The numerical results of the overpressure are compared to existing 3D and 1D laws. An overpressure decay law is proposed to represent the 2D pattern. Knowing the two transition zones and the overpressure decays within these zones, an algorithm is presented to efficiently predict an overpressure map. This algorithm is validated by comparison with experimental data.     

非燃烧区瓦斯爆炸冲击波在单向分岔管道内传播规律的试验研究

在空间上瓦斯爆炸可以分为瓦斯燃烧区、非瓦斯燃烧区两个区域.在瓦斯燃烧区内冲击波和火焰是相互耦合的;当瓦斯燃烧完毕后燃烧波消失,只剩非瓦斯燃烧区冲击波,冲击波失去能量支持,最终恢复至正常大气参数.为了研究非燃烧区内瓦斯爆炸冲击波在分岔管道中的传播特性,搭建了截面为80 mm× 80 mm的方形管道,分别由1 m、1.5m、2.5 m、3m、4m等5种长度不等的管道组合而成.管道由3个部分组成,前端为直管道瓦斯填充区,中间管道为空气直管道和管道末端,末端设计了30°、45°、60°、90°四种单向分岔角度.通过瓦斯填充量和管道分岔角度两个变量,采用TST6300动态数据采集储存仪,对管道内瓦斯爆炸冲击波能量及冲击波在单向分岔情况下超压分流情况进行试验研究.结果表明,管道单向分岔条件下,非燃烧区瓦斯爆炸冲击波分流系数与冲击波初始超压及管道分岔角度有关,分流系数随冲击波初始超压及分岔角度的增加而增加.     

The Thermodynamic Performance of a Double-Acting Traveling-Wave Thermoacoustic Engine with Liquid-Water Piston

A double-acting traveling-wave thermoacoustic engine with liquid-water piston (DTTELP) was proposed by the authors. This article conducted numerical simulation on its performance for the cases of with and without acoustical loads. The effects of mean working pressure and water-piston mass on its non-load performance were firstly discussed. Then, the output performance of this novel thermoacoustic engine under fixed heating temperature was analyzed. Also, influences of different heating temperatures on the performance of this engine were discussed. According to the simulation, the novel double-acting thermoacoustic heat engine (TTHE) is very efficient and a maximum thermal efficiency can reach about 51% when the heating temperature is 1500 K.