微波消解在测定环境样品中金属元素的应用

微波消解具有快速、简单、消耗试剂少和不易造成样品污染等特点,在环境样品中金属元素的测定方面得到了广泛的应用。本文介绍了微波消解的原理、常用试剂以及在各种环境样品中金属元素测定的应用进展,并对该技术的应用前景作了展望。     

Control of petroleum-hydrocarbon contaminated groundwater by intrinsic and enhanced bioremediation

In the first phase of this study, the e ectiveness of intrinsic bioremediation on the containment of petroleum hydrocarbons was evaluated at a gasoline spill site. Evidences of the occurrence of intrinsic bioremediation within the BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) plume included (1) decreased BTEX concentrations; (2) depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate, and sulfate; (3) production of dissolved ferrous iron, methane, and CO2; (4) deceased pH and redox potential; and (5) increased methanogens, total heterotrophs, and total anaerobes, especially within the highly contaminated areas. In the second phase of this study, enhanced aerobic bioremediation process was applied at site to enhance the BTEX decay rates. Air was injected into the subsurface near the mid-plume area to biostimulate the naturally occurring microorganisms for BTEX biodegradation. Field results showed that enhanced bioremediation process caused the change of BTEX removal mechanisms from anaerobic biodegradation inside the plume to aerobic biodegradation. This variation could be confirmed by the following field observations inside the plume due to the enhanced aerobic bioremediation process: (1) increased in DO, CO2, redox potential, nitrate, and sulfate, (2) decreased in dissolved ferrous iron, sulfide, and methane, (3) increased total heterotrophs and decreased total anaerobes. Field results also showed that the percentage of total BTEX removal increased from 92% to 99%, and the calculated total BTEX first-order natural attenuation rates increased from 0.0092% to 0.0188% per day, respectively, after the application of enhanced bioremediation system from the spill area to the downgradient area (located approximately 300 m from the source area).     

A quantitative correlation of evaluating the flame speed for the BST method in vapor cloud explosions

In recent decades, vapor cloud explosions (VCEs) have occurred frequently and resulted in numerous personnel injuries and large property losses. As a main concern in the petrochemical industry, it is of great importance to assess the consequence of VCEs. Currently, the TNT equivalency method (TNT EM), the TNO multi-energy method (TNO MEM), and the Baker-Strehlow-Tang (BST) method are widely used to estimate the blast load from VCEs. The TNO MEM and BST method determine the blast load from blast curves based on the class number and the flame speed, respectively. To quantitatively evaluate the flame speed for the BST method, the experimental data is adopted to validate the confinement specific correlation (CSC) for the determination of the class number in the TNO MEM. As a bridge, a quantitative evaluation correlation (QEC) between CSC correlation and the flame speed is established and the blast wave shapes corresponding to different flame speeds are proposed. CFD software FLACS was used to verify the quantitative correlation with the numerical models of three geometrical scales. It is found that the calculated flame speeds by the QEC are in good agreement with the simulated ones. A petrochemical plant is selected as a realistic scenario to analyze the TNT EM, TNO MEM, BST method and FLACS simulations in terms of the positive-phase side-on overpressure and impulse at different distances. Compared with the flame speed table, the predicted overpressure from BST curves determined by the proposed QEC is closer to that from FLACS and more conservative. Furthermore, the predicted results of different methods are compared with each other. It is found that the estimated positive-phase side-on overpressure and impulse by the TNO MEM are the largest, and the estimated impulse by the TNT EM is the smallest. Moreover, the estimated overpressure and impulse are larger in the higher reactivity gas.     

综合管廊燃气舱燃气爆炸冲击波传播特征研究*

为研究综合管廊燃气舱燃气爆炸冲击波的传播特征,采用数值模拟方法研究首次超压峰值和首次流速峰值的变化规律,建立首次流速峰值与首次超压峰值和填充长度的耦合关系,分析不同填充长度情况下燃气爆炸后的超压和水平流速的变化规律。结果表明:燃气爆炸后,燃气舱内存在多个超压峰值,峰值间存在明显的时间差。冲击波到达各测点的时间与燃气填充长度成反比关系。水平流速曲线随着时间的变化以0为基点上下振荡,存在正向峰值和反向峰值。随着燃气填充长度的增加,流速下降趋势变快。首次超压峰值随传播距离的增加先增大后减小再增大,随着填充长度的增加,产生超压峰值最大值的位置由接近填充长度结束的位置转移到燃气舱封闭端。首次流速峰值随传播距离的增加先增大后减小。首次流速峰值与首次超压峰值呈现正比关系,通过拟合得到流速峰值与超压峰值及填充长度的耦合关系。研究结果可为燃气舱燃气爆炸后的流速分布研究以及燃气舱防火分区的设计提供参考。     

地下环境中Fe2+对硝基苯的还原衰减作用模拟研究

研究了地下环境中的Fe2+对硝基苯(NB)的还原衰减作用,模拟了Fe2+还原硝基苯的过程及不同硬度、CO32-、SO42-、NO3-、Cl-等地下水化学组成对反应的影响,目的是阐明Fe2+还原硝基苯的机制及水化学组成对反应影响的原因.结果表明,在温度为10℃、pH为6.8的条件下,Fe2+和硝基苯浓度皆对其还原衰减有影...     

深度及含水率对包气带砂层中柴油降解作用的影响

通过模拟砂柱实验,研究了不同深度及含水率砂层(包括细砂、中砂和粗砂)中的柴油降解特性.结果表明,介质的深度及含水率是影响柴油降解效率的重要因素.相同介质条件下,介质的含水率越大,其生物活性越强,生物作用降解柴油的效率越高.介质性质影响柴油在包气带介质中的降解效率,介质的颗粒越细,其降解柴油的能力越高,即细砂>中砂>粗砂...     

Experimental study on electrostatic spark discharge under different electrode parameters,pressure and gas component

In this work, the influence of different experimental parameters (electrode gap, electrode shape, pressure and gas component) on spark discharge characteristics is investigated. The dynamic processes of voltage, current, energy, and power during the spark discharge process are analyzed. Electrical characteristic parameters including the discharge energy, discharge efficiency, spark resistance and total resistance are studied. High-speed schlieren technology is used to visualize the spark discharge and shock wave formation under different pressure and electrode shapes. The effect of pressure on the shape, radius and average velocity of the shock wave is investigated.     

Hydrogeochemical and mineralogical characteristics related to heavy metal attenuation in a stream polluted by acid mine drainage: A case study in Dabaoshan Mine, China

Dabaoshan Mine, the largest mine in south China, has been developed since the 1970s. Acid mine drainage (AMD) discharged from the mine has caused severe environmental pollution and human health problems. In this article, chemical characteristics, mineralogy of ocher precipitations and heavy metal attenuation in the AMD are discussed based on physicochemical analysis, mineral analysis, sequential extraction experiments and hydrogeochemistry. The AMD chemical characteristics were determined from the initial water composition, water-rock interactions and dissolved sulfide minerals in the mine tailings. The waters, affected and unaffected by AMD, were Ca-SO₄ and Ca-HCO₃ types, respectively. The affected water had a low pH, high SO₄^2- and high heavy metal content and oxidation as determined by the Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ couple. Heavy metal and SO₄^2- contents of Hengshi River water decreased, while pH increased, downstream. Schwertmannite was the major mineral at the waste dump, while goethite and quartz were dominant at the tailings dam and streambed. Schwertmannite was transformed into goethite at the tailings dam and streambed. The sulfate ions of the secondary minerals changed from bidentate- to monodentate-complexes downstream. Fe-Mn oxide phases of Zn, Cd and Pb in sediments increased downstream. However, organic matter complexes of Cu in sediments increased further away from the tailings. Fe³⁺ mineral precipitates and transformations controlled the AMD water chemistry.     

基于数值模拟方法的船用离心泵减振研究

某船用离心泵的振动较大,已经影响到船舶执行任务。在工程实践的基础上,通过对振动测试数据的分析,提出了造成设备振动偏大的原因。基于数值模拟分析的现代设计方法,对该泵进行了改进设计。结果表明,改进后的船用离心泵能够安全稳定的运行,泵内流体流动比较均匀,在设计工况下的运行状态良好。改进后,样机的水力性能满足技术要求,振动水平大幅下降。     

异方差线性EV模型T-型估计在确定面波震级与地震矩关系式中的应用

一般线性回归模型都假设预测变量不含误差,所有模型误差均集中于响应变量且服从正态分布,而许多实际应用中的变量并不符合这些假设,如有的问题难以明确预测变量和响应变量,观测样本集受到污染而含有离群值。当假设受到破坏时,得到的估计参数往往不能真实反映变量间的线性关系,导致模型不可用。为在假设受到破坏时也能得到正确的模型,提出异方差线性EV模型的T-型回归估计模型,利用最大似然估计原理,给出了T-型回归估计参数表达式和求解方法。最后将模型与方法来确定面波震级与地震矩关系公式,并与其他方法比较检验,取得了较好的结果,对于研究该地区历史地震矩释放估计具有重要的科学意义。本文给出的模型和方法还可以在地震地质、灾害学等等领域得到应用,即用于变量间统计关系式的确定,如b值的稳健估计等。