Adsorption behavior of perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) on boehmite

Understanding the interaction of perfluorochemicals, persistent pollutants with known human health effects, with mineral compounds in surface water and groundwater environments is essential to determining their fate and transport. Kinetic experiments showed that adsorption equilibrium can be achieved within 48 h and the boehmite (AlOOH) surface is receptive to perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) adsorption. The adsorption isotherms estimated the maximum adsorption capacities of PFOS and PFOA on boehmite as 0.877 μg m⁻² and 0.633 μg m⁻², respectively. Compared to the adsorption capacity on γ-alumina, the abundant hydroxyl groups on boehmite surfaces resulted in the 2-3 times higher adsorption of PFOS and PFOA. Increasing solution pH led to a moderate decrease in PFOS and PFOA adsorption, owing to an increase in ligand exchange reactions and the decrease of electrostatic interactions. The presence of NaCl and CaCl₂ in solution demonstrated negative effects for PFOS and PFOA adsorption on boehmite surfaces, with potential mechanisms being electrical double layer compression, competitive adsorption of chloride, and the Ca²⁺ bridging effect between perfluorochemicals.     

铝污泥吸附六价铬的特征和机理

铝污泥是给水处理过程中不可避免的副产物,为了解其资源化利用作为吸附剂对Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附行为和吸附特征,本研究通过静态实验研究了铝污泥的水解特征、Cr(Ⅵ)在铝污泥上的吸附机理和影响因素。结果表明,(1)铝污泥表面的主要官能团为羟基、SO24-和Cl-;(2)铝污泥与Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附过程中,液相中Cr(Ⅵ)的浓度随吸附时间延长而降低(由20 mg/L降为15.42 mg/L),同时,液相中pH由6.01升高为7.06、SO24-由8.79 mg/L升高为11.40 mg/L、Cl-由10.54 mg/L升高为11.88 mg/L,这一结果表明,HCrO4-与铝污泥表面的羟基、SO24-、Cl-等官能团交换,其吸附机理为配体交换;(3)pH是影响Cr(Ⅵ)在铝污泥上的吸附量的主要因素,当pH由4.0升高至10.0时,吸附容量由7.63 mg/g下降为0.70 mg/g。实验表明,铝污泥作为一种新型的Cr(Ⅵ)吸附剂具有较高吸附能力和应用前景,并为优化吸附工艺提供了技术支撑。     

诱导喷嘴改进滤筒清灰效果的数值模拟

采用计算流体动力学数值模拟方法,对规格为325 mm×660 mm滤筒在采用高效诱导喷嘴(超音速引流喷嘴和气流散射器)喷吹时的内部流场进行研究。通过分析喷吹气流在滤筒内的压力分布云图和喷嘴处的速度分布图,得出模拟结果与脉冲喷吹实验结果基本一致,验证了数值模拟的可靠性和实验的准确性。进而从微观上分析得出采用诱导喷嘴可使气流更加稳定的进入滤筒内部,以此确保滤筒长度方向上内壁清灰压力的均匀性,对滤筒清灰效果有明显的改善作用,为解决滤筒的清灰问题提供了一定的指导。     

Optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using ion-exchange resins

Waste cooking oil is a potential substitution of refined vegetable oil for the production of biodiesel due to the low cost of raw material and for solving their disposal problem. In this study, optimization of esterification process of free fatty acids in artificially acidified soybean oil with oleic acid has been carried out using methanol as an agent and ion exchange resin as a heterogeneous catalyst. The esterification reaction has been investigated based on the mass balance of the developed model. The model has been validated against experimental data and effects of temperature and catalyst weight have been analyzed. Thereafter, optimization process has been fulfilled for two different objective functions as conversion of acid oil and benefit. Optimization results indicated that the maximum conversion of acid is 95.95%, which is achievable at 4.48-g catalyst loading and reaction temperature of 120°C. Maximum benefit was obtained as US$0.057 per batch of reaction at a catalyst amount of 1 g and temperature of 120°C.     

古运河(镇江段)沉积物酶活性及其与氮磷阴离子的相关性

以古运河镇江段为研究对象,研究了表层沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性和亚硝酸还原酶活性的时空变化以及3种酶活性与河流表层沉积物中氮磷阴离子浓度及上覆水水质的相关性。结果表明,镇江古运河表层沉积物中碱性磷酸酶活性、硝酸还原酶活性和亚硝酸还原酶活性具有显著的时间和区域性差异,枯水期(12月)各酶活性较高,分别介于0.29~0.32 mg/(g·24 h)、0.13~0.19 mg/(g·24 h)、3.05~5.21 mg/(g·24 h);丰水期(5月)各酶活性较低,变化范围分别为0.18~0.29 mg/(g·24 h)、0.08~0.14 mg/(g·24 h)、2.95~3.64 mg/(g·24 h)。冗余分析结果显示,古运河表层沉积物酶活性在枯水期差异较大,丰水期差异较小,各酶活性与其相关离子浓度呈显著正相关(P0.05),硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶与上覆水的水质呈正相关。3种酶活性可被作为判断古运河镇江段沉积物富营养化负荷的参考性指标,硝酸还原酶和亚硝酸还原酶还可作为评价古运河镇江段水质的参考性指标。     

改进型生物质阴离子交换纤维制备及吸附性能

用氢氧化钠水溶液预处理,以乙二胺作交联剂,采用环氧氯丙烷和二甲胺对网状植物丝瓜络纤维进行化学改性,制备出改性丝瓜络阴离子交换纤维(LS-AEF),重点探讨了LS-AEF的形态特征并对其形态特征进行了表征分析,还考察了碱预处理对产品吸附水体中的NO-3的影响。研究结果表明,(1)LS-AEF引入带正电的胺基基团,可以提高对NO-3的吸附性能;(2)乙二胺剂量对产品吸附性能影响比较大,最佳剂量为9 mL,吸附率达到75%;(3)碱性预处理能够显著提高产品的吸附性能,碱处理前后的产品吸附率分别为76%和85%;(4)吸附过程符合伪二级动力学方程。     

工业含钒废水处理工艺的研究进展

针对大量企业采用传统提钒法制备钒产品产生的工业含钒废水的处理问题,综述了工业含钒废水处理工艺的研究进展,分别详述了沉淀法、溶剂萃取法、离子交换法、电解法、吸附法和生物法的处理工艺,并对比分析了它们的优势与不足。指出:工业含钒废水的处理既是环保的要求,又可实现有价资源的回收利用;在实际应用时,可依据工业含钒废水的p H选择相应的处理工艺及处理试剂。     

Application of integrated micro sensor in internal measurement of high temperature fuel cell

This study developed an integrated (flow, voltage, and temperature) micro sensor using the micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology. It was inserted into the high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) for local real-time measurement. The integrated micro sensor is made of 40 µm thick stainless steel base material, and its protective layer is formed by polyimide (PI) that has better temperature resistance. The integrated micro sensor has three functions, and is favorably characterized by small size, good acid resistance and temperature resistance, quick response, real-time measurement, and being able to be put in any place for measurement. After calibration, and its reliability confirmed, the integrated micro sensor is inserted into the HT-PEMFC for local microcosmic measurement.     

京杭运河常州段泥水界面无机氮交换过程模拟研究

分别在枯水期、平水期、丰水期利用原柱样静态释放实验对京杭运河常州段4个点位的无机氮界面交换过程进行模拟,并借助模拟结果对运河不同形态氮的界面循环过程进行了初步探讨。结果表明,全年NH+4N界面交换特征均表现为底泥向上覆水体释放,平均交换速率比较结果为平水期[182.3mg/(m2·d)]>丰水期[94.0mg/(m2·d)]>枯水期[29.5mg/(m2·d)],而底泥污染严重的下游点位释放通量高于其他断面;丰水期底泥为上覆水NO-3N的源,平水期和丰水期则成汇,且平水期底泥平均吸附速率若为枯水期的6倍;全年NO-2N交换过程表现底泥吸附的特征,枯水期交换速率极低,全年底泥DIN(总无机氮)输入量>输出量,底泥对高浓度上覆水NO-3N的吸附作用可能是底泥污染逐渐加重的原因。     

梯度淋洗离子色谱法同时测定雨水中12种有机酸和无机阴离子的研究

研究了用离子色谱梯度洗脱-抑制电导检测器同时分离12种有机酸和无机阴离子的规律和色谱务件,建立了最佳梯度程序.在所选实验务件下,方法对所测有机酸和无机阴离子的线性相关系数为0.9929～0.9998,相对标准偏差为4.2%～9.3%,加标回收率为91.4%～107.0%,最低检测限为0.0069～0.34mg/L.方法用于雨水样品的测定,结果令人满意.