湖泊基质客土改良的环境效应:对芦苇生长及光合荧光特性的影响

湖泊底质对根着水生植物生长发育有重要的影响,通过滨岸底质植生性改良、重建水生植被被认为是污染湖泊生态修复的重要手段.本研究模拟5种客土厚度对芦苇生长和叶绿素荧光参数的影响,结果表明,覆盖5 cm处理芦苇总生物量、株高、叶长和叶宽显著大于覆盖18 cm处理(P0.01),实验第120 d,地下/地上部生物量和细根/地下部生物量显著大于其他处理(P0.05).表明覆盖18 cm显著抑制芦苇生长,但对照组富营养底质可能对芦苇生长造成轻微胁迫,随覆盖厚度增大,显著降低芦苇的地下部/地上部生物量比值,芦苇优先生长地下部,特别是细根的生物量,以便从底质中吸收更多养分供植物生长.不同处理芦苇F_v/F_m、Yield、q P和q N变化差异不显著(P0.05),覆盖厚度越大,芦苇光合结构PSⅡ更易受到损坏,主要是通过较高的热耗散、降低叶片光合面积与叶片捕光色素含量来维持光合结构PSⅡ保持正常.就客土改良对芦苇生长与叶绿素荧光参数总体影响而言,覆盖2 cm和5 cm能有效改善基质Eh和营养条件,促进植物生长,其中覆盖2 cm处理能有效地提高芦苇光合利用效率(α)、相对电子传递速率(ETRmax)和半饱和光强(E_k),覆盖18 cm使得芦苇对冬季的低光抑制有更强的适应能力.     

阳极内添加阳离子交换树脂提升辊压“三合一”膜电极MFC性能

阳极-隔膜-阴极的"三合一"膜电极结构能够最大程度减小阴阳极间距,提高微生物燃料电池(microbial fuel cell,MFC)的输出功率.为进一步提高MFC性能,本研究使用非贵金属材料构建了辊压"三合一"膜电极系统,其欧姆内阻降低至3~5Ω.以乙酸钠为底物,MFC的最高功率密度达到446 m W·m-2.向阳极内添加固体小球(如聚苯乙烯球和玻璃微球)可在辊压过程中增加阳极表面和内部的大孔,强化电解液向阴极的传递从而使MFC的功率密度提升10%.添加阳离子交换树脂能够进一步强化阳极内部的质子传递,提高阴极电位,从而将功率密度提升至543 m W·m-2.此外,阳极内添加阳离子交换树脂还可提高电池运行的稳定性和库仑效率.     

Photosynthesis and biochemical responses to elevated O3 in Plantago major and Sonchus oleraceus growing in a lowland habitat of northern China

A field experiment was carried out to compare the responses to ozone(O_3) in two common herbaceous plant species, Plantago major L. and Sonchus oleraceus L., by building open-top growth chambers in situ to simulate O_3stress(+ O_3, 85 ± 5 ppb, 9 hr/day for 30 days) in a lowland habitat in Inner Mongolia, Northern China. Responses to O_3 of gas exchange,chlorophyll a fluorescence, leaf pigment content, antioxidant capability, soluble protein content, membrane lipid peroxidation and dark respiration(R_d) were analyzed. Results showed that elevated O_3 exposure significantly reduced the light-saturated net photosynthesis(P_(Nsat)), stomatal conductance(g_s) and transpiration rate(E) in both species. Although non-significant interactive effect between species and O_3 on P_(Nsat) was analyzed, the reduction in P_(Nsat) in S. oleraceus might be due primarily to the higher fraction of close PSII reaction centers and impaired activities of plant mesophyll cells as evidences by decreased maximum efficiency of PSII photochemistry after dark adapted state(F_v/F_m) and unchanged intercellular CO_2concentration(C_i). Besides, biochemical analysis showed that S. oleraceus had lower antioxidant ability compared to P. major. As a result, S. oleraceus was damaged to the larger extent in terms of lipid peroxidation and visible O_3 injury, indicating that S. oleraceus was more sensitive to O_3 than P. major. Our results indicated that wild herbaceous plant species growing in a lowland habitat in sandy grassland were sensitive to O_3 stress and S. oleraceus can be considered as one of the bio-indicators for high O_3 concentration in semi-arid grassland of northern China.     

基于薄弱环节的发动机加速贮存试验研究

对基于薄弱环节的发动机加速贮存试验的理论依据和发动机加速贮存试验的基本流程进行了介绍,在对发动机薄弱环节的确定方法和薄弱环节失效机理分析的基础上,提出了材料、部组件和整机层层递进的加速贮存试验方案和基于物理老化、化学老化和使用载荷验证的发动机加速贮存试验一体化设计方法.     

Modeling the vegetation-atmosphere carbon dioxide and water vapor interactions along a controlled CO2 gradient

Ecosystem functioning is intimately linked to its physical environment by complex two-way interactions. These two-way interactions arise because vegetation both responds to the external environment and actively regulates its micro-environment. By altering stomatal aperture, and therefore the transpiration rate, plants modify soil moisture and atmospheric humidity and these same physical variables, in return, modify stomatal conductance. Relationships between biotic and abiotic components are particularly strong in closed, managed environments such as greenhouses and growth chambers, which are used extensively to investigate ecosystem responses to climatic drivers. Model-assisted designs that account for the physiological dynamics governing two-way interactions between biotic and abiotic components are absent from many ecological studies. Here, a general model of the vegetation-atmosphere system in closed environments is proposed. The model accounts for the linked carbon-water physiology, the turbulent transport processes, and the energy and radiative transfer within the vegetation. Leaf gas exchange is modeled using a carbon gain optimization approach that is coupled to leaf energy balance. The turbulent transport within the canopy is modeled in two-dimensions using first-order closure principles. The model is applied to the Lysimeter CO₂ Gradient (LYCOG) facility, wherein a continuous gradient of atmospheric CO₂ is maintained on grassland assemblages using an elongated chamber where the micro-climate is regulated by variation in air flow rates. The model is employed to investigate how species composition, climatic conditions, and the imposed air flow rate affect the CO₂ concentration gradient within the LYCOG and the canopy micro-climate. The sensitivity of the model to key physiological and climatic parameters allows it to be used not only to manage current experiments, but also to formulate novel ecological hypotheses (e.g., by modeling climatic regimes not currently employed in LYCOG) and suggest alternative experimental designs and operational strategies for such facilities.     

氨法脱硫废气中烟尘测试方法的实验研究

利用重量法测试原理,将氨法脱硫外排废气中烟尘监测滤筒用二次水经过超声波洗涤后过滤,在烘箱内于105℃烘干2 h后称量恒重,除去滤简中的硫酸铵成分,从而准确获得烟尘的含量.     

Synthesis of mesoporous Cu/Mg/Fe layered double hydroxide and its adsorption performance for arsenate in aqueous solutions

The mesoporous Cu/Mg/Fe layered double hydroxide(Cu/Mg/Fe-LDH) with carbonate intercalation was synthesized and used for the removal of arsenate from aqueous solutions.The Cu/Mg/Fe-LDH was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry,X-ray diffraction crystallography,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller.Effects of various physico-chemical parameters such as pH,adsorbent dosage,contact time and initial arsenate concentration on the adsorption of arsenate onto Cu/Mg/Fe-LDH were investigated.Results showed that it was efficient for the removal of arsenate,and the removal efficiency of arsenate increased with the increment of the adsorbent dosage,while the arsenate adsorption capacity decreased with increase of initial pH from 3 to 11.The adsorption isotherms can be well described by the Langmuir model with R 2 > 0.99.Its adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo second-order kinetic model.Coexisting ions such as HPO42-,CO32-,SO42and NO3could compete with arsenate for adsorption sites on the Cu/Mg/Fe-LDH.The adsorption of arsenate on the adsorbent can be mainly attributed to the ion exchange process.It was found that the synthesized Cu/Mg/Fe-LDH can reduce the arsenate concentration down to a final level of < 10 μg/L under the experimental conditions,and makes it a potential material for the decontamination of arsenate polluted water.     

FFA-2离子交换纤维织物对氟化物尘毒的吸附滤除及在呼吸防护、空气净化中的应用

考察了 FFA-2离子交换纤维织物作为氟化物尘毒、酸性染毒气流呼吸防护滤料的可行性。实验表明 :FFA-2材料对 HF和 SO2 的动态吸附容量可分别达到 (5 0～ 1 6 0 ) mg g;气固态氟化物的实际滤除率分别为 96 .6 %和 84 .3% ;用这种功能纤维所制成的防护面具 ,其吸气阻力为2 .1 mm H2 O。由于 FFA-2滤料吸附酸性气体达到饱和后 ,可经化学再生而重复使用 ,预期它对新型尘毒呼吸性防护和在潮湿工作环境下的空气净化 ,有广阔的应用前景。     

OPTIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE CRUDE PALM OIL INDUSTRY IN THAILAND THROUGH ENHANCEMENT OF INDUSTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS

The crude palm oil industry plays an important role in the economic development of Thailand and in enhancing the economic welfare of the population. Despite obvious benefits of this industrial development, it also significantly contributes to environmental degradation, both at the input and the output sides of its activities. On the input side, crude palm oil mills use large quantities of water and energy in the production process. On the output side, manufacturing processes generate large quantities of wastewater, solid waste/by-products and air pollution. Current industrial wastes and recoverable materials are empty fruit bunches, fibers, shells and ash. It is estimated that in 2003, a total of 2.1 million ton of solid wastes/by-products and 2.5 million m³ of wastewater were generated. The concept of the industrial ecosystem points at the potential of industrial waste recycling resembling food chains, food webs and nutrient cycles of nature. Following the notion of industrial ecology crude palm oil mills can develop a number of waste recycling and reuse systems. This paper analyzes the nature of these industrial ecosystems, divided in in-plant ecosystems (clean technology options) and external waste exchange between crude palm oil industries and other economic activities in Thailand.     

含羧基和吡啶基两性离子交换纤维的交换吸附性能研究

采用原子吸收光谱等手段研究羧基／吡啶基弱酸弱碱两性纤维对水溶液中各种离子的交换吸附性能，实验结果表明所制两性离子交换纤维对Cu^2 ,Cr^3 和Mg^2 离子有良好的吸附能力，酸碱基团比例接近时两性纤维的吸附容量最高。