Land use change and carbon exchange in the tropics: II. Estimates for the entire region

Determining the effect of tropical land use on the carbon dioxide (CO₂) content of the atmosphere requires: (a) estimates of the rates of land use change, (b) estimates of the difference between the carbon stored in forests and that stored in pastures and cultivated fields, and (c) a consideration of the fate of carbon stored in the cleared vegetation. The first article of this series analyzed land use in four tropical countries and estimated the carbon released to the atmosphere as a consequence of changes in land use. This article estimates the carbon released from the entire tropical region based on the two published studies of land use change for the tropics as a whole that distinguish between temporary and permanent land use: Seiler and Crutzen (1980) and Lanly (1982). We combine these estimates with two estimates of the difference in carbon storage between forests and fields derived from Whittaker and Likens (1975) and Brown and Lugo (1982), and the two scenarios of the fate of cleared vegetation, developed in the previous article, to produce several complete sets of data describing the necessary parameters to calculate carbon exchange. These data sets, entered into our model, produce a range of estimates of the annual release of carbon from tropical vegetation in 1980 of from 0.6 to 1.8 BMT/year, with the more likely range being 0.9–1.2 BMT/year. Our preliminary analysis suggests that the release from tropical soils due to land use change adds about an additional 0.3 BMT C/year, so that the total release is probably between 1.2 and 1.5 BMT C/year. Peng and others (1983) reported that new models of the oceanic carbon cycle can accommodate at least 1.2 BMT C/year in 1980 from forests and soils. Our results indicate that, given the uncertainties in the size of both the biotic release and oceanic uptake, the global carbon budget may be balanced if there is no significant release from nontropical ecosystems due to land use change and all mature ecosystems are in collective equilibrium with the atmosphere.     

野生动植物及其产品交易市场存在的问题及对策分析

分析了当前我国野生动植物利用产业发展所显现的资源培育产业发展迅速、企业规模化和集约化发展趋势明显、进口贸易激增等特征，对我国野生动植物及其产品的交易市场现状及其存在的非法交易多、市场杂乱、监管难度大等问题进行了深入分析，提出构建野生动植物及其产品专业市场体系和野生动植物及其产品的标记体系相结合的监管制度的政策建议。     

被动电磁装甲系统的电感参数分析

把被动电磁装甲系统的电感划分为4个部分,分别进行了计算和讨论。根据计算所得的电感,获得了被动电磁装甲理论放电电流。通过与被动电磁装甲实测放电电流对比,有很好的一致性,说明电感计算方法可靠,为工程上控制电感量提供了依据,为被动电磁装甲的实验设计奠定了基础。     

离子色谱方法在分析大气湿沉降中的应用

使用ISC-90美国戴安离子色谱仪,采用AS14阴离子分离柱,分析大气湿沉降中无机阴离子F^-、Cl^-、NO2^-、NO3^-、PO4^-等七种,共检出F^-、Cl^-、NO2^-、NO3^-和SO4^2-五种无机阴离子,它具有分析快速,准确、灵敏高、噪声小,基线稳定,背景电导低,线性范围宽,样品用量少,无污染等优点,同时进行多组份测定,是目前分析大气湿沉降组份首选的分析方法之一。     

大孔弱碱性树脂对2,4-二硝基苯酚吸附性能的研究

研究了2,4-二硝基苯酚在D301大孔弱碱树脂上的吸附性能。结果表明:在283～313K和研究的浓度范围内,吸附行为符合Freundlich和Langmuir等温式,D301树脂对2,4-二硝基苯酚的平衡吸附容量为235.9mg/g,动态吸附容量为121.3mg/g。用质量分数为10%的氢氧化钠溶液作脱附剂,温度333K,体积为6BV(床体积)时,脱附率为89.2%,树脂脱附再生后可反复使用,并回收2,4-二硝基苯酚。     

Pb（II） biosorption using chitosan and chitosan derivatives beads： Equilibrium, ion exchange and mechanism studies

The study examined the adsorption of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solution onto chitosan, chitosan-GLA and chitosan-alginate beads. Several important parameters influencing the adsorption of Pb(II) ions such as initial pH, adsorbent dosage and di erent initial concentration of Pb(II) ions were evaluated. The mechanism involved during the adsorption process was explored based on ion exchange study and using spectroscopic techniques. The adsorption capacities obtained based on non–linear Langmuir isotherm for chitosan, chitosan-GLA and chitosan-alginate beads in single metal system were 34.98, 14.24 and 60.27 mg/g, respectively. However, the adsorption capacity of Pb(II) ions were reduced in the binary metal system due to the competitive adsorption between Pb(II) and Cu(II) ions. Based on the ion exchange study, the release of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ ions played an important role in the adsorption of Pb(II) ions by all three adsorbents but only at lower concentrations of Pb(II) ions. Infrared spectra showed that the binding between Pb(II) ions and the adsorbents involved mostly the nitrogen and oxygen atoms. All three adsorbents showed satisfactory adsorption capacities and can be considered as an e cient adsorbent for the removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions.     

活性污泥胞外聚合物提取方法的研究

对两种不同来源的活性污泥中EPS的提取效率进行了研究,采用的提取方法有NaOH法,阳离子交换树脂法（CER法）,加热法和离心法。结果表明,CER法是两种污泥EPS提取中最有效的方法。经过16h的提取,EPS中DNA的含量分别为0．73％和1．61％,这表明EPS的提取没有受到胞内物质的污染。两种污泥EPS的提取量分别为74mg／gVSS和80mg／gVSS,其中多糖和蛋白质是EPS的主要成分。在研究中,CER法最佳提取时间为8h,高搅拌强度和CER投加量都有利于EPS提取量的增加。     

树脂负载FeⅢ F催化过氧化氢降解染料孔雀石绿

为强化多相类芬顿反应的速率,以氟为配体的三价铁氟化合物（FeⅢF/R）为催化剂,进行催化过氧化氢降解孔雀石绿实验.同时,探讨了初始pH值、温度、过氧化氢初始浓度和孔雀石绿初始浓度等对反应速率的影响.结果表明,与FeⅢ/R相比,催化剂FeⅢF/R具有更强的催化活性,能强化羟基自由基（OH· ）的产生.反应的最佳pH值为6.0;反应速率常数与过氧化氢和孔雀石绿（MG）的初始浓度呈正相关;温度越高,反应速率越快,反应遵循假一级反应动力学,反应活化能为89.30 kJ· mol-1.催化剂重复使用表明,铁在树脂表面负载比较牢固,具有较好的稳定性和耐用性.     

可燃药筒吸水性研究

采用称量法研究了某卷制结构可燃药筒干燥脱水特性和吸水特性,筒壁材料的干燥失水率与干燥时间的关系,平衡吸水量与环境湿度的关系以及试样厚度对吸水速率的影响.结果表明,可燃药筒筒壁在烘干条件下失水达到恒定的时间以及在常温潮湿环境下达到湿度平衡的时间随试样厚度的增加而延长;在潮湿环境中的平衡吸水量随环境的相对湿度增加而增加,在...     

湿地C02交换量测定方法论述

湿地生态系统碳循环是陆地碳循环研究中的重要组成部分,对全球变化具有重要意义。随着全球气候变暖问题研究的深入,碳通量研究逐渐成为全球变化研究的核心内容之一。文章阐述了湿地生态系统CO2交换量的研究方法与最新进展,然后提出问题与展望。