加强我国高校应急管理能力建设的策略分析

从不同的角度考虑可将高校应急管理系统分为4个过程、12个环节、30个指标。通过对高校应急管理能力内涵结构的过程环节分析,指出我国高校应急管理能力的预防与总结学习是目前相对薄弱的方面,并对其中2个过程的6个环节进行深入探讨。根据当前我国高校应急管理的预防与学习环节的薄弱之处,提出综合加强高校应急管理能力的若干策略。并提出开展突发事件风险控制与预警管理工作、建设高校突发事件信息与档案平台等任务,是提升我国高校应急管理能力的关键措施。     

Removal and recycling of copper from aqueous solutions using treated Indian barks

Removal of copper from aqueous solutions containing 100–1000 ppm, using different Indian bark species, was performed on laboratory scale. The percentage removal of metal ions depends on the solution pH, bark species and time. The efficiency of copper removal by the used raw barks increases with a rise of solution pH and reaches a maximum of about 65–78% around pH 4–5. However, the decontaminated aqueous solutions were colored due to the dissolution of soluble organic compounds contained in the raw bark. This increases the biological and chemical oxygen demand (BOD and COD) of the solutions as well as the total organic carbon content (TOC). For this reason, raw bark should be treated either by chemical or biological means. Such treatment will allow the extraction of the soluble organic compounds and increase the chelating capacity and efficiency of the treated bark. Depending on the pH value, the chelating efficiency of treated barks is about 1.2–2.2 times that of the raw ones. Moreover, the retention capacity of the Indian treated bark varies from about 42–51 mg/g of dry bark. It is equal to or higher than that of common European species. About 1.8 mols of H₃O⁺ are released, by the treated barks, for every mol of chelated copper ions. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations show uniform distribution of metal ions throughout the copper saturated bark. Infra red (IR) spectra suggest that the copper ions are chelated to hydroxyl and/or carboxyl functional groups of organic compounds contained in the treated bark. It seems that the interaction of the copper ions with the bark follows a cation exchange mechanism. This hypothesis is supported by elution experiments that allow recovery of about 99% of the contained copper. The retention capacity of the treated bark is almost constant after five cycles of chelation–elution, suggesting that the ‘life time cycle' is sufficiently long for continuous industrial application. The spent copper loaded barks can either be incinerated or pyrolysed. It generates solids containing either ≈80% of CuO or ≈14% of Cu°, respectively. Such materials can be used either in the secondary or primary copper production, thus offering a friendly environmental solution of effluents' treatment. The suggested process can be used as an alternative to the classical technologies for effluent decontamination. It is also efficient for polishing effluents treated by other methods.     

A comparison of new economic methods in USSR environmental policy with western approaches

Previous comparative studies on environmental policies in the East and West mainly focused on relating differing features of environmental management to different political, social/economic, and ideological conditions in both systems. The present article attempts to identify common experiences. In this respect, an obvious similarity can be seen in the fact that environmental management in the East and West emerged as a regulatory “command and control” approach, which was supplemented later by economic incentives. The 1988 USSR Resolution “On the Radical Transformation of the System of Natural Conservation” introduces a set of economic instruments as one of its main elements. This is less a radical change of environmental policy than a determined acceleration of previous approaches. Existing and newly designed economic methodologies provoke a comparison with similar approaches in market economies. The economic methods designed in the 1988 resolution include charges for the use of natural resources and the emission of pollutants, which are notable for their firm commitment to reduce emissions even below set regulatory standards. While experiences with this approach may be of great interest for Western countries, liability regulations of the United States can be of great use for designing relevant provisions implementing the USSR resolution. A number of bilateral treaties have demonstrated already the political relevance of an East-West exchange of experience in environmental management.     

SURFACE HEAT LOSS AND FRAZIL ICE PRODUCTION IN THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER1

ABSTRACT: The rates of ice production due to surface heat loss in open water reaches of the St. Lawrence River, between the Ogdensburg-Prescott Boom and the Moses-Saunders Dam, are analyzed for the past 20 winters. Simple statistical parameters for ice production rates and air temperature are determined. Regression analyses for relationships between surface heat loss rates and freezing degree days indicate that an excellent linear correlation exists between these two variables. The study also shows that it is important to consider other heat exchange components, such as the bed heat flux and viscous dissipation, in the total ice production analysis for the river reach.     

Land use change and carbon exchange in the tropics: I. Detailed estimates for Costa Rica,Panama, Peru,and Bolivia

Our group, composed of modelers working in conjunction with tropical ecologists, 3 has produced a simulation model that quantifies the net carbon exchange between tropical vegetation and the atmosphere due to land use change. The model calculates this net exchange by combining estimates of land use change with several estimates of the carbon stored in tropical vegetation and general assumptions about the fate of cleared vegetation. In this report, we use estimates of land use and carbon storage organized into sixlife zone (sensu Holdridge) categories to calculate the exchange between the atmosphere and the vegetation of four tropical countries. Our analyses of these countries indicate that this life zone approach has several advantages because (a) the carbon content of vegetation varies significantly among life zones, (b) much of the land use change occurs in life zones of only moderate carbon storage, and (c) the fate of cleared vegetation varies among life zones. Our analyses also emphasize the importance of distinguishing between temporary and permanent land use change, as the recovery of vegetation on abandoned areas decreases the net release of carbon due to clearing. We include sensitivity analysis of those factors that we found to be important but are difficult to quantify at present.     

卧式滤筒除尘器的气流组织模拟研究

为了研究卧式滤筒除尘器内部气流的不均匀性问题,采用计算流体动力学软件Fluent对卧式滤筒除尘器内部气流组织进行数值模拟研究。参考目前市面上常见卧式除尘器,设计有、无挡板的2种卧式滤筒除尘器模型,通过分析2种模型下过滤过程的速度分布和滤筒流量分配情况得出:在无挡板模型下存在射流冲刷、气流分布不均等问题,而在进风口加设挡板能解决气流冲刷问题,滤筒流量分配得到明显改善;在相同滤室高度下分别对挡板角度为150°,160°,165°,170°,175°,180°对比发现,挡板角度在165°~170°时其内部气流组织能达到均匀标准。     

改性硅酸钙(CSH)对重金属废水中Ni2+的吸附特性研究

以硅灰石和氧化钙为原料制备改性硅酸钙(CSH),为了探讨改性硅酸钙对Ni~(2+)的吸附特性和机理,考察了初始p H值、吸附剂投加量、初始Ni~(2+)质量浓度和硅酸钙使用次数等因素对模拟废水中Ni~(2+)去除率的影响。结果表明,p H值在3.0~6.0、吸附剂投加量为1g/L、含Ni~(2+)废水质量浓度小于200 mg/L、硅酸钙前两次使用时,CSH对Ni~(2+)均有较高的去除效果。采用Langmuir等温吸附模型拟合CSH对Ni~(2+)的吸附,得到CSH对Ni~(2+)的最大吸附量为417 mg/g。结合吸附前后的扫描电镜-能谱(SEM-EDS)和X射线衍射(XRD)图谱分析,推测出CSH的主要结构为Ca Si2O5,CSH对Ni~(2+)的吸附主要发生在CSH表面并且是通过离子交换作用进行的。通过对CSH吸附去除Ni~(2+)过程中溶液离子浓度变化的研究推断出97%的Ni~(2+)通过离子交换作用被去除,剩余的Ni~(2+)通过表面络合作用去除。     

Leadership behaviors and follower performance: Deductive and inductive examination of theoretical rationales and underlying mechanisms

There are competing theoretical rationales and mechanisms used to explain the relation between leadership behaviors (e.g., consideration, initiating structure, contingent rewards, and transformational leadership) and follower performance (e.g., task performance and organizational citizenship behaviors). We conducted two studies to critically examine and clarify the leadership behaviors–follower performance relation by pitting the various theoretical rationales and mechanisms against each other. We first engaged in deductive (Study 1) and then inductive (Study 2) theorizing and relied upon 35 meta‐analyses involving 3327 primary‐level studies and 930 349 observations as input for meta‐analytic structural equation modeling. Results of our dual deductive–inductive approach revealed an unexpected yet surprisingly consistent explanation for why leadership behaviors affect follower performance. Specifically, leader–member exchange is a mediating mechanism that was empirically determined to be involved in the largest indirect relations between the four major leadership behaviors and follower performance. This result represents a departure from current conceptualizations and points to a common underlying mechanism that parsimoniously explains how leadership behaviors relate to follower performance. Also, results lead to a shift in terms of recommendations for what leaders should focus on to bring about improved follower performance. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Biosorption and retention of orthophosphate onto Ca(OH)2-pretreated biomass of Phragmites sp.

The biosorption of phosphorus in the form of orthophosphate(Po) from wastewater using biomass as the sorbent is of potential importance because the Po-loaded biomass could be applied in the agricultural sector as fertilizer and soil conditioner. However, biomass generally displays a very low affinity for Posorption and therefore biomass surface modification is required. In the present study, the biomass(as model grinded leaves of Phragmites sp. were used)was pretreated with Ca(OH)2to enhance Pobiosorption capacity(qe). The results indicate that the alkaline pretreatment resulted in a modification of surface functional groups. It was concluded that the main sorption mechanisms were ligand exchange and electrostatic attraction. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of the pretreated biomass for Pouptake under various conditions. Isotherm and thermodynamic studies were also applied and analyzed. The biosorption process was best described by the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm, which gave a qmaxof 12.27 mg P/g at 25°C and p H 7. The Ca(OH)2treated Phragmites biomass applied in this study for Porecovery may present some potential advantages in terms of costs and environmental impact.     

CaCl_2废液在赤泥脱碱中的应用

采用CaCl_2废液对赤泥进行脱碱处理。分析了脱碱机理,考察了CaCl_2废液对赤泥进行脱碱处理的影响因素。研究结果表明,在赤泥加入量为5 g、CaCl_2废液加入量为4 m L、反应温度为80℃、反应时间为4 h的最佳条件下,Na去除率达75%,脱碱后赤泥中Na的质量分数低于0.8%,脱碱后CaCl_2废液的p H约为7。CaCl_2废液对赤泥进行脱碱处理的脱碱机理为CaCl_2废液中的CaCl_2、Mg Cl2和酸与赤泥中的碱发生离子交换反应,使得赤泥中的Na转化为Na Cl,进入到溶液中,从而脱除赤泥中的碱。